Poverty and Suggested Solutions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Poverty and Suggested Solutions - Essay Example In fact, â€Å"of the world’s 6 billion people, 2.8 billion—almost half—live on less than $2 a day, and 1.2 billion—a fifth—live on less than $1 a day, with 44 percent living in South Asia† (World Bank). Countries that are economically well-off are not absolutely without cases of poverty too. When the global financial crisis hit these, their poverty levels also grew substantially. However, when compared to the developing and underdeveloped countries, these are still far better. Poverty becomes more glaring and reprehensible if it exists while there are a few that enjoys immense wealth. It is the economic inequalities that actually make people conscious of their impoverished situations. According to the World Bank report â€Å"the average income in the richest 20 countries is 37 times the average in the poorest 20 – a gap that has double in the past 40 years† (2001). The global financial crisis that gravely affected the economies of the developed countries did not level the economic conditions or reduced the gap. While the developed countries did suffer from the crisis, those that are poorer were also badly affected. What happens is that when an economic recession of a global scale occurs, the most developed countries get badly hurt but it is the underdeveloped majority in Africa, Latin America, and most of Asia that get the worst beating. It is necessary to define poverty accurately so that determining its existence and severity in every society is made possible. If it is not defined in the most objective and precise manner, there is the tendency to exaggerate it or to ignore its seriousness. In many underdeveloped countries with less democratic governments, the tendency is to deny its severity in attempts to make themselves unaccountable for the impoverishment of their respective citizens. Timo Airaksinen â€Å"distinguishes relative and absolute poverty, explaining relative poverty as the inability to r each an ‘acceptable’ and ‘average’ standard of living, whereas for absolute poverty, the words used are ‘minimal’ and ‘bare survival’† (Axinn, 1985, p.59). The World Bank, on the other hand, that poverty generally means being in the state of hunger, lacking in shelter and clothing, not having access to healthcare and education. Airaksinen may be right when he stressed that poverty can be relative, considering that this becomes more pronounced when there are a few that are enjoying extreme affluence. While it may be appropriate to describe poverty as it is, analyzing it further for the purpose of achieving an accurate definition may lead to consider relativity. The fact is that people tend to feel the pain of poverty more if they had experienced living a relatively more affluent lifestyle before or if they see that there are others who are. The World Bank report pointed out the three dimensions that are prominent among the imp overished (2001). First is the lack of economic capabilities in the form of income from productive activities and assets or properties. It is because of this poor people do not have the purchasing power needed to acquire the basic necessities such as food, shelter, and clothing, as well as the fundamental health services and education. The second is their apparent powerlessness in the political sphere. Even in countries that claim having a political system modeled after the key democracies in the West,

Love Poetries Essay Example for Free

Love Poetries Essay Personal Advertisement I am currently in the most enjoyable stage of my life where I wish to find the best person to share it with me. I am passionate with everything I do and I wish to share that passion with someone who knows how to live a passionate life too. I am the Man in the â€Å"Love Poem† I consider myself to be the narrator in John Frederick Nims’ Love Poem because it immensely reflects my current feelings for a particular person. Nims refers to his lover as his â€Å"clumsiest dear,† (Nims, 2003, p. 67) which quite bears a resemblance on the nature of my own special someone. His subject’s palms are compared to the â€Å"bulls in china, burs in linen, / And have no cunning with any soft thing† (Nims, 2003, p. 67). This metaphor that insinuates roughness and clumsiness also reflects some of the characteristics of my lover. Being a â€Å"Misfit in any space. And never on time. † (Nims, 2003, p. 67) surely creates an image of a person entirely different than other people. He or she does not always fit in any common group of people and is expected to break most rules. However, like the narrator’s last two lines in the fourth stanza, â€Å"In traffic of wit expertly manoeuvre / And keep us, all devotion, at your knees. † (Nims, 2003, p. 67), I still find myself adoring him for his remarkable wisdom. Simply put, despite all the imperfections of this particular person, I still love him or her without any doubt. Stage of Love in â€Å"The Lover Not Taken† In Blanche Farley’s parody of Robert Frost’s â€Å"The Road Not Taken†, the woman and the blonde guy are obviously in a â€Å"getting to know† stage as suggested by the last line on the first stanza where the blond is initially referred to as â€Å"the new guy† (Farley, 1937. n. p. ). However, it is also important to consider that the relationship in this poem does not only include the woman and the blonde but also Jack whom the woman has been with for a long time. This is validated on the 3rd and 4th line of the second stanza where the narrator introduces him as, â€Å"the other, jack, had a claim / On her already . . . / He understood her. His long, lithe frame† (Farley, 1937. n. p. ). Hence, it is clear that there are two stages of love in this poem in dependence to whose relationship in the love triangle we are speaking about. Two Figurative Languages that Compares the Love in â€Å"The Lover Not Taken† The first figurative language is a metaphor that speaks of the new guy’s physical description as â€Å"smooth as a yellow wood† (Farley, 1937. n. p. ). His physical beauty is compared to that of the yellow wood which can mean several things like the end of summer or the beginning of fall which can also be considered to be nice to look at. Perhaps, it can be a literal comparison of the man’s smoothness to a smooth yellow tree. The second comparison is on the first line of the second stanza. The narrator’s statement â€Å"She liked his hair,† (Farley, 1937. n. p. ) obviously compares the superficial relationship of the woman and the blonde. If one would deeply analyze, the attraction of the woman to the blonde is too superficial or simply physical. Liking his hair and smile obviously just symbolizes her extreme lust for the blonde guy that she is actually willing to risk her long-term relationship with a complete stranger who has a beautiful smile and hair. The Lover Not Taken is Most Likely Doomed to Misery As for my opinion, guilt leads a person to misery. In this poem’s case, it is most likely for the woman’s relationship with Jack to be miserable if guilt would consume the woman’s relationship with him. Honesty and loyalty to a partner are two of the most important elements that determine the stability of a relationship. However, since this poem consists of two relationships of a particular woman; the answer would still depend on whom she would end up with. If she ends her relationship with Jack and start a new one with the blonde, there is a possible occurrence of a â€Å"happily ever after story†. On the other hand, if she stays with Jack and continues her affair with the blonde guy, it is most likely to end up in misery. The Tone of â€Å"The Lover Not Taken† By analyzing the atmosphere being suggested on the first stanza of the poem, â€Å"And, mulling it over, long she stood, / Alone on the road, loath / To leave, wanting to hide in the undergrowth. † (Farley, 1937. n. p. ), the initial seriousness of the narrator’s tone is evident. There is too much concentration on the woman’s part as she mulls over her future decision whether to have an affair with another man or not. However, the tone changed abruptly on the last two lines where she suddenly stopped contemplating on which decision to make by taking the fast way home and phoning the blonde. Setting of â€Å"The Lover Not Taken† Obviously, this poem is inspired by Robert Frost’s famous poem â€Å"The Road Not Taken† which tackles the difficulty of deciding what path to choose in life. However, Farley similarly illustrates the difficulty of making decisions by pointing out a particular situation such as being torn between two lovers. Like Frost’s original piece, a person is facing a certain road pondering about a situation he or she needs to handle. By basing the setting and theme on Frost’s poem, Farley has further emphasized the central message of Frost’s poem. Since, it is inspired by Frost’s â€Å"Road Not Taken†, it is important to consider not only why it is set in that particular setting but more importantly why Farley chose Frost’s poem to communicate her own message. References Farley, B. (1937). The Lover Not Taken. Geocities. Retrieved December 3, 2008, from http://www. geocities. com/cailinliet/lover. html Nims, F. (2002). The Love Poem. Master the GED language arts, reading 2003. New Jersey: Petersons.

Global Music :: Art

Global Music The global perspective of music: we live in an increasingly smaller â€Å"global village.† With advance in worldwide transportation and communication and with increasingly mobile societies, it seems not only appropriate but also necessary to develop a global perspective of music. A global perspective of music is a sense of the lifestyles, traditions, values and the music of several nations and cultures throughout the world. An awareness of the diversity within our national boundaries that has contributed significantly and beneficially to the cultural richness of our land. The diversity of musical styles that exist in the United States includes Western European â€Å"classical† music (art music) and a number of â€Å"popular† music styles derived largely from Western European ways of making music. These styles include pop, folk, country, and rock. Other styles, including jazz, blues, and various ethnic music, are the result of a blending of cultures and traditions. All these styles constitute an important part of music in American society, styles that constitute â€Å"American music.† The ethnic diversity: part of the cultural richness of our nation is derived from its ethnic diversity and its large number of ethnic groups. Immigrant groups may have partially assimilated into the mainstream of our society while retaining the songs, dances, instruments, languages (at least accent and inflection), fashion, food, and lifestyles of their native cultures. In many cases, the merging of cultural traditions has formed new styles and modes of behavior. For example, jazz evolved in the early twentieth century. Music is vocal or instrumental sounds having melody, rhythm, or harmony. Also, music is sound that you want to hear as music, sound that is not organized in some fashion typically cannot be called music. Yet the roar of a waterfall, the sound of rain falling on a tent or the chirping of birds can sense but as pleasing, and these perhaps as musical, sounds. In fact, the sounds of birds, water, and whales and other sounds of nature have been taped and used in â€Å"organized† music. Conversely, all sorts of drum, cymbals, and gongs; harsh dissonant harmonics; and abstract, totally unsingable melodies have been organized into music. Artistic qualities of Music: music maybe folk art, high art, or at any place in this continuum. Much music has attributes of both. High art includes the classical music of the Western European cultivated tradition. It also includes the classical music of other cultures.

W.E.B. Dubois And Booker T. Washington Fought Against Racism, Slavery, And Improvement Of African American Lives From Different Dimensions

Few today can imagine how human beings could be caught in their villages like fish and be sold like livestock to other human beings. Africans were being shipped to America, be sold as slave to work in their farms. They were condemned because of their skin color – race to slavery, where they were owned by the people who bought them- the American white farmers. Education was never guaranteed to them since they were someone’s property without no (sic) rights (as people in the ghetto say); what an extreme level of discrimination. How would you feel when subjected to such experience? Naturally no one can be pleased.Imagine these blacks were thinking beings with a mind, soul and body! The children of slaves still remained slaves. These were the things that inspired W. E. B Dubois, Booker T. Washington among the people who had an opportunity by the virtue of the influence after education to fight against racism, slavery trying to improve the lives of African Americans. Merriam -Webster’s dictionary defines racism as a prejudice based on the belief that the race is the main determinant of human traits and capacities and those racial differences produce inherent superiority of a particular racial group.Sociologists Noel Cazenave and Darlene Alvarez Maddem put racism as a highly organized system of race based group privilege that operates at a very high level of society and is held together by a subtle ideology of color/ race ‘supremacy’ (Cazenave and Maddem, 1999). In the book, ‘The Souls of Black Soul’ where (the Author -) W. E. B Dubois asserts ‘elevating the self was the key to better life as a black man’ in a debate in way in which a black American must act versus how he wants to act indicates how hard it was to be free even for those who had been freed from slavery.That racism was deep in the minds of the discriminated. W. E. B Dubois and Booker T. Washington lived at the height of racism and slavery in Ame rica. Both managed to get some good education which was a tool for combating the evil of the twentieth century racism. Washington was a credible proponent of educational improvement for the freed men who remained after reconstruction. At that time Booker T. Washington was the most influential leader in America. The two engaged on an intense dialogue about segregation and political disfranchisement Washington had taken a conciliatory direction of fight against racism.He believed in a skillful accommodation during that age of segregation which came to win a title ‘the great accommodator’ from Dubois. On the other hand Dubois led a radicalized fight. While this could have been seen as clash the two dimensions of their struggle came to supplement each other. This is the approach that came to be used by Martin Luther King Jr. in the later years An American newsletter the Review noted that had great power to move men’s hearts and bring them into sympathy with his noble and unselfish aims for lifting up the race. This article carefully shows Bookers’ approach to education and labor.He takes great advantage to explain his point. Booker is a man of Influence; this can be seen from his position and occupation in the society. As a great orator, Washington is quoted saying that the condition for African American in the south will only improve they learn to put brain and skills into his labor. In this respect, Washington argues that this should result to more technologically advanced labor. Their differences in approaches could be attributed to earlier experiences. Biology explains that siemens twins will certainly behave differently when subjected to different environments to grow.Thinking about this hypothesis, One seminal debate between Washington and Dubois played on the pages of Crisis which Washington was advocating a philosophy of self help and vocational training for blacks, while Dubois pressed for full educational opportunities for his race. Dubois believed that the way out was through study especially the liberal arts. Though wining the battle against slavery was difficult because of the constitution, the two leaders managed to bring about the movement that came to win the freedom of the slaves. This greatly reveals the power in combined workforce isn’t it?Together we stand, divided we fall. This is a common saying. Dubois and Booker formed this alliance and through it, many positive progresses were realized. For example, many humanitarian citizens gave them support, and this made the government take appropriate measures towards slave treatment, and laws governing slaves. The alliance similar to the one with William Monroe Trotter another black intellectual at the time help to form the group National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1909. Was this not a fruit of the pioneering work of Booker and Dubois?Think about this: how many organizations will have emerged in the next five y ears after this? How many policies will have been implemented as a result of the pressure inserted by these organizations? These will be clear with time! NAACP in its early years concentrated in using courts to overturn the Jim Crow status that legalized racial discrimination . The crisis magazine for the NAACP became the mouth piece for the propaganda war against racism. During the inter war years NAACP fought lynching of the blacks through out the United States by working on legislation, education the public and lobbying.It was after several decades of campaign that brought the reversal of the separate but equal doctrine announced by Supreme Court Plessey versus Ferguson. Later the desegregation of schools and other public facilities through out the country, through the Supreme Court was managed by the NAACP. Washington though criticized by the NAACP who demanded a hard-line stance of the issue of civil rights protests enlisted some moral and substantial financial support from a n umber of philanthropists they helped him fund his causes – supporting institutions of higher education at Hampton and Tuskegee.Looking at the current American social-political scene would W. E. B. Dubois and Booker T. Washington smiled if they resurrected today? As the PBS statement on their website wonders whether the Americans have learnt to embrace diversity, whether character has triumphed color. Almost every day we find people bleaching their skin on order to look beautiful. Race is another factor that has greatly affected the intellectual growth and increase in technology. This has brought in a belief that whites can do better than blacks in various spheres of academia.This is an analysis published by a journal called: Labor and Demographic Economic. Booker T. Outlines the thinking of many whites during his time. Intellectuals and politicians writing to shape public opinion, from both North and South, had turned increasingly hostile toward African Americans. Many magazi nes of the time had a message of white supremacy. In his study of small-town newspapers in the South, Thomas D. Clark found that most papers in the 1880s and 1890s clearly reflected the â€Å"Negro-as-beast† thinking of the time.The editors revealed â€Å"a general fear of the Negro,† whom they often depicted as uncivilized, a â€Å"wild, ignorant animal. This was a real huddle for Washington to manage is it? His approach was revolutionary as will be seen. Washington gave an exposition speech in 1895 in Atlanta. This speech challenged the images then current in white intellectual and cultural presentations of African Americans. He insisted that blacks were a people of â€Å"love and fidelity† to whites, a â€Å"faithful, law-abiding, and unresentful† people.In its larger thrust, the Atlanta speech represented Washington’s attempt to counter the presumption on the part of the white South, and much of the rest of the nation that African Americans ha d declined in character and morality in freedom. The overarching message that Washington intended was not acceptance of disfranchisement and segregation but rather a message of progress, of movement forward and upward. he indeed displayed dedication towards this. In Atlanta, Washington began to offer Americans a new point of view in order to challenge the ideology of white supremacy.This was a great achievement to this selfless Samaritan, as the disciples of Jesus would refer him during their time. Many years after the Atlanta speech, Washington often spoke up for civil and political rights. This is contrary to Professor Harlan’s contention that â€Å"his public utterances were limited to what whites approved† and that Washington’s actions on behalf of civil and political rights were exclusively part of his â€Å"secret life† of arranging court challenges and organizing protests but taking no public part.In fact, in 1896 Washington told the Washington Pos t that forcing blacks â€Å"to ride in a ‘Jim Crow’ car that is far inferior to that used by the white people is a matter that cannot stand much longer against the increasing intelligence and prosperity of the colored people. † Washington had several admirers and many of the se came in handy to help fight this ugly spirit called racism.He had several forums to speak the same message in a speech at a Spanish-American War Peace Jubilee in Chicago before people; Washington asserted that the United States had won all its battles but one, â€Å"the effort to conquer ourselves in the blotting out of racial prejudice. †¦ Until we thus conquer ourselves, I make no empty statement when I say that we shall have, especially in the Southern part of our country, a cancer gnawing at the heart of the Republic that shall one day prove as dangerous as an attack from an army without or within. † Dubois also worked very hard to enforce equality.This spans from the first time he came into public. No one could quench the thirst of seeing both white and black Americans live in total peace and in brotherly love. His major area of concern was education. Being a person of influence, majorly as an educationist come sociologist, Dubois always desired to have equal chance given to people of all races. He was a very practical man. This works well especially with a layman. At one point, Dubois organized a forum whereby he combined the learned and the illiterate citizens. This forum had people attending from cross- cultural background; both blacks and whites.This was meant to work for the common good of all Americans. Comparing the work done by the two civil activists, Booker mainly impacted the people in public forums, while Dubois did a great deal of work in academic institutions like schools and colleges. Currently as Souls would outline turmoil’s caused by color bar and racism, Dubois urged in his speeches that African Americans should choose path of revolt and radicalism (1969) . in another instance, while writing the Souls, Dubois asked a question â€Å" How does it feel to be a problem ? † (1969:44)In answering this question he explains what being an African American means in such a country and the unique challenges faced. In many of his lectures in the university, Dubois developed sessions where he taught about Negroism. He strongly believed that all there suffering was because of ignorance and would be alleviated through class. Dubois’ work was really a long term investment isn’t it? It is a sure fact that by impacting the lives of students, they would in turn spread the message to their local forks! In conclusion, Washington and Dubois were civil rights leaders, educational founders, and writers.They shared a positive relationship with Oberlin College and lectured at the college on a number of separate occasions. They also communicated on a number of occasions. Like Dubois, later in his career Washi ngton fell from the fore of civil rights activism because he was not radical enough for new progressive movements. Dube and Washington accomplished much for our society. They recognized the importance of practical education and pushed the boundaries of their respective segregated societies. In retrospect, both these activists have been charged with conservatism.While they challenged racial injustice, they nonetheless accepted most of the other social constraints that characterized their society. Above all, Washington and Dube, were pragmatic men, and perhaps it is their pragmatism that has led some to question their ultimate impact on the transformation of race relations in their respective nations .References: 1. Booker . T . Washington (1997) On Our Own Terms: Race, Class, and Gender in the Lives of African American Women. New York: Routledge. Pp 26-70.2. Dubois W. E. B, (1969). The souls of black forks. New York: Signet classics Pp23-48.

An Analysis of George Orwell’s Essay Why I Write Essay

George Orwell and Joan Didion, in their essay, â€Å"Why I Write,† imply that writing has affected each author to abdicate adversity and to accept failure. Orwell and Didion support their implications by explaining how each author attempted to embrace the abstract ideas in writing, but learned to view themselves as mediocre writers, neither good nor bad, whose self-reflection in writing produced a solemn atmosphere. Their purpose is to educate the reader on relevant motives and authenticity associated with writing to help them conceive a profound piece of work through self-reflection. Both authors establish a formal but moderately depressing tone, appealing to young Americans who hope to become writers. George Orwell, in the essay, â€Å"Why I Write† utilizes the rhetorical strategy of explanation in order to effectively deliver his message to the attending audience. Orwell, at first, introduces a statement about his childhood and his ambitious goals to become an inspiring writer. Suffering from depression and solitude during his adolescent years, Orwell often constructed solemn pieces of literature in order to reflect upon his current lifestyle. This idea of self-reflection assisted Orwell in becoming an exalt writer. Through exemplification, Orwell introduced the â€Å"four great motives for writing. † Orwell reflects upon the subject of sheer egotism, arguing that writers often write to be remembered. The author further elaborates on this idea, stating that serious writers care more about personal self-reflection than making money. In the motive of aesthetic enthusiasm, Orwell views himself as a moderate writer, illustrating how writers make their writing sound and look good by appreciating the aesthetics. The author eventually provides an example for these motives, by appealing to the pathos in his Spanish-civil war poem, often concentrating on emotion and expressing remorse. Through explanation, George Orwell was able to effectively deliver his message to the attending audience. Joan didion, in the essay â€Å"Why I write,† utilizes the rhetorical strategy of explanation to appeal to her audience. Joan introduces her essay with the topic of self-reflection, by illustrating the act of saying I. In addition, Joan elaborates on this idea of self-reflection, explaining how writing allowed her to create a mind of abstract ideas. Similar to Orwell, Joan experienced several obstacles that impeded her writing. The author focuses on a particular issue, in which Didion became distracted while writing. The author reflects upon this idea, by providing an example of how her attention diverted simply to a â€Å"flowering pear outside her window† or the â€Å"lights on in the Bevatron† while writing at Berkley. Didion additionally conveys her attitude towards these distractions, often wondering why such events occur. As a result, Joan often ponders upon the abstract ideas in order to enhance her writing. Through the use of explanation, Joan didion was able to effectively deliver her message to the attending audience. George Orwell and Joan didion, in their why I write, employ the rhetorical strategy of explanation in order effectively attend to their audience. Though each author provided examples in order to support their implication, their appeals to pathos and emphasis on pondering the abstract ideas in writing further attracted their audience.

Civil Rights in the Sixties Essays

Civil Rights in the Sixties Essays Civil Rights in the Sixties Essay Civil Rights in the Sixties Essay or using an aggressive and sometimes violent method of protest like Malcolm X, they were all seeking the same thing, equal rights for minorities. I feel like these two individuals are an inspiration to Americans everywhere and there will always be a need for revolutionarily pioneers in our American society. References The Museum of Broadcast Communication. The Civil Rights Movement and Television. Retrieved from: museum. tv/eotvsection. php? entrycode=civilrights. Retrieved on July 19, 2010. Pg. 1. 676 North LaSalle St. , Suite 424, Chicago, IL 60654. Lucidcafe: Library. Martin Luther King, Jr. Robin Chew 1995-2010. Retrieved from: lucidcafe. com/library/96jan/king. html on July 19, 2010. Biography of Malcolm X. 2001 Estate of Malcolm X. Retrieved from: africawithin. com/malcolmx/malcolm_bio. htm. Retrieved on July 19, 2010.

Australian capitalism and GST essays

Australian capitalism and GST essays On the 13th August 1998, the Prime Minister, The Hon John Howard MP held a press conference at Parliament House to launch the Federal Government's tax plan for Australia's future. The plan incorporates significant historic changes to the Australian taxation system, which are to be guided by five key principles. The key principle of the Federal Government's tax reform proposal that is creating speculation and debate is the introduction of the Goods and Services Tax, commonly known as GST. This consumption tax has come under intense public and political scrutiny and questions have been raised as to the economic fairness of this proposal. According to Macionis and Plummer (1997, p.420) "capitalist economies produce a higher overall standard of living but also generate greater income disparity." The inequity of Australia's current economy is evident from the media release issued by the Australian Council of Social Services (ACOSS) 4pm Wednesday 17 March 1999 in response to the taxation statistics that were released the same day. Michael Raper, President of ACOSS stated that the taxation statistics revealed the gross inequalities in the distribution of wealth in Australian society today with "The top 10% of Australians owning 52% of the nation's wealth, while the bottom half owns a paltry 3%." On balance, does a capitalist economy promote a fair distribution of wealth and social power? I say not. Political support is gained by appealing to members of society with promises to act in their interests, more often directing this appeal to those individuals with wealth, social power and influence. The multi-million dollar advertising campaigns supporting the Federal Government's tax reform package and in particular the proposal of the Goods and Services Tax is funded by big businesses. The same big businesses that will benefit from the implementation of the Goods and Services Tax and that will benefit from the 30% cap on the Capital Gains T...

10 Ideas for Networking

10 Ideas for Networking 10 Ideas for Networking 10 Ideas for Networking By Mark Nichol Whether you’re a staff employee at your workplace, or you’re a home-based freelancer, you’ll benefit from a proactive effort to make yourself a part of a professional or interest-based community. Try one or more of these networking options: 1. Join an online writers’ community or social-networking site. (They abound on the Web; I chose this one as an example because of the clever play on the name of the professional-networking site Linked In.) 2. Become a member of a writers’ union like the Writers Guild of America West or its East Coast counterpart. 3. Sign up with a genre-specific writers’ association, such as the Mystery Writers of America. 4. Form or join a writing group. 5. Look up a site for writers of fan fiction, such as FanFiction.net. 6. Take a writing or literature class or workshop, and keep in touch with the students (and the instructor). 7. Attend writers’ conferences or enroll in an MFA program. 8. Attend (or organize) author events, poetry readings, open mics, and other literary gatherings. 9. Cultivate relationships with editors and with other writers. A rejection letter can be a beginning as well as an ending, and freelance writers (and editors) can pass leads on or hand surplus projects off to each other. 10. Develop your networking skills outside the writing realm by joining a civic or professional organization, volunteering with a nonprofit organization, or getting involved with a club or a hobby group. Networking Tips When attending events or other assemblages, exchange business cards or email addresses with fellow participants, but don’t treat the gatherings like speed-dating nights. Focus on meeting and engaging with no more than several people. It’s all about quality, not quantity, and especially when it comes to recurring events, you’ll always have another opportunity to meet someone you missed before. Writers are stereotyped as being wallflowers. That’s not always true, of course, but stereotypes come from somewhere. If you’re shy, try these strategies: Ask a more outgoing partner or friend to go with you and let them lead you into introductions. Find the most uncomfortable-looking person at the event, note that they’re probably feeling more nervous than you are, and go up to them and smile and say, â€Å"Me, too.† Reassure yourself that you don’t have to say a thing about yourself; let the other person do all the talking (unless they turn the tables on you or become tiresome). Come up with a stock question: â€Å"What’s your favorite novel?† â€Å"What are you reading?† â€Å"How’s your book coming?† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Freelance Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:5 Uses of InfinitivesTelling a Good Poem from a Bad OneThe 7 Types of Possessive Case

Topics in cultural studies Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Topics in cultural studies - Research Paper Example Western civilization was often founded on the ideal of the existence of some form of hierarchy that determined the manner in which cultures related on the score of power. Stronger cultures have a tendency of influencing weaker cultures in the multiple discourses that bring both cultures into contact with each other. On this score, it is often assumed that cultural expression of one culture will necessarily determine the nature and extent to which such a culture expresses its own values with other cultures. Western cultures adopted a central perspective in which they assumed that all other cultures were essentially inferior. The discourse of culture was considered in terms of the hierarchy that existed between western cultures and the other cultures (Hause & Maltby, 2004). The manifestation of the struggle often entailed an active engagement with the hierarchical determination of the relative strength and weaknesses between the cultures. As a result, only the cultures that had their i nternal structures managed to overcome the stifling influences of western cultures. The power of cultural expression worked in a manner that brought together the various discourses that embraced western cultures and non-western cultures. ... Western civilization adopted philosophies that determined perspectives on other foreign influences. It might be argued that some of the discourses that defined the world outside the boundaries of western civilization essentially determined the manner in which these civilizations engaged with other forms of civilization. The discourses of orientalism, racism, and colonialism were necessarily conditioned by cultural perceptions of the presumed superiority of western civilization to other forms of civilization (Sherman, 2006). For instance, the west considered the East within the discourse of orientalism. There was a sense in which the East was considered as an alien culture and necessarily inferior to western culture. Such perceptions also underpinned the desire to conquer and subdue any other cultures that were perceived as inferior. The deliberate misrepresentation of cultural facts was meant to make the other cultures subordinate to western civilization. Such cultural perceptions ju stified the need to conquer foreign lands and to subdue other races that were defined by the relative weaknesses of cultural civilizations. Matters of cultural superiority might be considered in terms of the manner in which they engaged with processes that determine the relative strength between cultures. Essentially, other cultures were considered as inferior and deserving to be conquered and subdued. It might be necessary to consider the element of civilization within the broad perspective of cultural relationships. Assumptions of strength within the framework of cultural expression were considered as the pivotal point, which determined the kind of relationship between the west and

DuPont divests Conoco Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

DuPont divests Conoco - Case Study Example The divestiture should be made from a financial perspective and not arbitrarily in order to create more vaule for the firm by breaking the firm into more pieces. Considerations must be made to analyze what effect a carve-out could have on the company? What effect could a spin-off have on the company? What effect could an asset sale have on the company? All these options must be considered in relation to market, firm return and net return. The main benefit of divestiture is the production of wealth for the parent company. Historically the divestiture of a company has caused a positive Net Present Value (NPV) based on the size of the company based on â€Å"Takeovers, Restructuring and Corporate Governance†. â€Å"Alchian and Demsetz (1972) and Jensen and Meckling (1976) suggest one reason why corporate divestitures might create wealth. If the divestitures improve managerial incentives or better enable shareholders to monitor managerial performance, then the separation of a corporation into different pieces can improve the efficiency of operations and thereby increase the combined value of the assets.†

Code-switching Among Students in the UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Code-switching Among Students in the UK - Essay Example This paper has been a pilot study to investigate the code-switching between English and Arabic among the Kuwaiti students in the utterances and construction level in the speech.The respondents of this study were undergraduate and postgraduate Kuwaiti students, studying in one of the UK universities programmes of both genders in different ages. The target population were from different universities, majors, and social status. The graph shows the results of the analysis. Most of the respondents do not find it a reason to code switch from Arabic to English because they want to raise audience and interest of what they are talking about with about 40 per cent said they slightly agree. There was about 25 per cent of those who disagree slightly with this fact while about 15 per cent strongly disagree. The first language of the target and sample population is Arabic, and second language is English where most of them have learned it as a compulsory subject at the age of six in the state schoo ls or earlier if they were in private schools. The quantitative method was used in this research. This was aimed at providing data for meeting the objectives of the study. This report makes a conclusion that this was a pilot study and it was aimed at finding out how the actual research will be conducted. The main aim was to find out the structure of the questions and how well they were understood by the respondents. Based on the results analyzed, most of the research questions were well understood. This is because there was no missing question that the respondents did not answer.

Using Perceptual Maps in Marketing Simulation Summary Research Paper

Using Perceptual Maps in Marketing Simulation Summary - Research Paper Example The three phases that this marketing simulation summary contains will include a brief discussion of the existing situation, recommending the appropriate solution to tackle the adverse situation, and finally the discussion of the results (Answers n.d). Moreover, we will look at positioning and differentiation and will try to understand the relationship between them. Positioning and differentiation of a product is extremely crucial for success of a marketing plan. Also, we will try to examine what effects does product life cycle has on a marketing plan. Sales growth chart of Cruiser Thorr has negative slope. The motorcycle has done well in the past but now it requires a serious thought. The dedicated customer segment for these cruiser bikes has grown older. So there is obvious change in liking and Cruise Thorr motorcycle is not as appealing to them as it was few years back. Even the younger consumer base for Cruiser Thorr maintains a distance from it because of the price factor. They doubt if Thorr offers proper balance between lifestyle and price that needs to be paid for it. So the purpose of this scenario remains to assess the positioning of Thor in the marketplace over given parameters. These parameters are namely Price, Lifestyle, Services rendered and Quality engineering. Price is the first P of marketing mix and is pivotal in making a buying decision. Wrong or inappropriate pricing could overshadow all other P’s and qualities that a product possesses. Younger consumers were always interested in competitively lower priced motorcycles. Here, an important decision regarding brand dilution is to be made and that what is the appropriate value. Lifestyle image of Cruiser Thorr needs an honest reconsideration. It has already been stated that older consumer cannot live the same way they used to when they were young, so there is shift in their preference when it comes to selecting a motorcycle. Under this parameter important data could be

An Introduction to Entrepreneurship Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

An Introduction to Entrepreneurship - Coursework Example Understanding the different aspects which are a part of the entrepreneurial behaviors and expectations defines the associations and roles that pertain to business with the individual. Skills, Abilities and Behaviors The generalized concept of being an entrepreneur is based on working independently while moving into business endeavors. However, the business ventures which are created differ from other forms of business. The first difference is noted with an enterprise, which is created through a board of directors or sector of leaders with a hierarchical expectation that is established. While this particular venture may have been established by an entrepreneur, it is expected that the team collaboration and hierarchy separates the individual behaviors from the group modifications which take place. The intrapreneur is another form of leadership which many attribute to the same concept. While there are several similar skills in terms of leadership, this differs because the position is u sually based on management as opposed to starting a new venture without the use of a corporation or other entity. The entrepreneur is then defined as one which differs because of the independent nature and the characteristics of leadership used for innovation and creativity outside of other types of business ventures (Ucbasaran, Westhead, Wright, 2009: p. 99). The main difference in character with entrepreneurs is what leads to the different skills, abilities and behaviors among these business leaders. There are five known personal characteristics which create a difference between entrepreneurs and other types of leaders. This includes being open to experience, being conscious and aware of surroundings, being flexible, being agreeable and carrying a vision based on these determinants. The concept that is associated with these skills is reflective of the psychological expectations that lead to leadership skills, innovation and the ability to create and portray different ideologies in relation to the surrounding environment (Zhao, Seibert, 2006: p. 259). These psychological behaviors then lead to expectations of skills and abilities. Creativity, capability to find opportunities and performing several tasks are some of the skills expected. Entrepreneurs are known for switching skills easily while a business grows while moving in between positions and working with initiatives while creating the necessary ventures (Silva, 2007: p. 118). Creative Thinking The ability to work with leadership skills, behaviors that initiate new ventures and skills that are able to move between various positions then leads to the concepts of creative thinking which are developed by entrepreneurs. The structure that is developed with entrepreneurs is based on the intention of an individual first. This is what initiates the endeavor and allows the entrepreneur to grow, either in response to the environment or because of a vision that is related to the entrepreneur. This is combined with creative thinking to lead to the initiative of the new idea and to find ways to construct the idea into a reality. The creative thinking is furthered by evaluating the business idea to define the probability of success as well as looking into solutions that will help to launch the business into a successful endeavor. The personality of the

Using Perceptual Maps in Marketing Simulation Summary Research Paper

Using Perceptual Maps in Marketing Simulation Summary - Research Paper Example The three phases that this marketing simulation summary contains will include a brief discussion of the existing situation, recommending the appropriate solution to tackle the adverse situation, and finally the discussion of the results (Answers n.d). Moreover, we will look at positioning and differentiation and will try to understand the relationship between them. Positioning and differentiation of a product is extremely crucial for success of a marketing plan. Also, we will try to examine what effects does product life cycle has on a marketing plan. Sales growth chart of Cruiser Thorr has negative slope. The motorcycle has done well in the past but now it requires a serious thought. The dedicated customer segment for these cruiser bikes has grown older. So there is obvious change in liking and Cruise Thorr motorcycle is not as appealing to them as it was few years back. Even the younger consumer base for Cruiser Thorr maintains a distance from it because of the price factor. They doubt if Thorr offers proper balance between lifestyle and price that needs to be paid for it. So the purpose of this scenario remains to assess the positioning of Thor in the marketplace over given parameters. These parameters are namely Price, Lifestyle, Services rendered and Quality engineering. Price is the first P of marketing mix and is pivotal in making a buying decision. Wrong or inappropriate pricing could overshadow all other P’s and qualities that a product possesses. Younger consumers were always interested in competitively lower priced motorcycles. Here, an important decision regarding brand dilution is to be made and that what is the appropriate value. Lifestyle image of Cruiser Thorr needs an honest reconsideration. It has already been stated that older consumer cannot live the same way they used to when they were young, so there is shift in their preference when it comes to selecting a motorcycle. Under this parameter important data could be

Service Recovery and Customer Satisfaction Essay

Service Recovery and Customer Satisfaction - Essay Example 316) believe that today’s business contexts are on the verge of a new economic era driven by the experience economy. This piece of research paper explains the relevance of service recovery followed by the service failure and describes different ways to achieve service recovery. The paper also explains how customer satisfaction and financial performance are interrelated and details whether they are always positively related. Service Recovery Strategic service breeds success to many marketers whereas many others fail since their service is inferior to that of others or is less attractive to the customers. Service failure thus provides many dissatisfied customers. As Botha, Strydom and Brink (2005, p. 301), service recovery is a remedial action designed with planned process or strategy of returning an aggrieved or dissatisfied client to a state of satisfaction with the company. Customer satisfaction is perhaps the most critical milestone that almost all marketers target and it is the base for better customer relationship, customer loyalty and even for achieving sustainable competitive advantage. Latest technologies and innovation help marketers differentiate products, and therefore they concentrate on making difference in the service being offered to the customer along with the product. When service fails, service failure is critical to survive in the market. A good service recovery system would be able to increase customer satisfaction, positive word-of-mouth for the company, improve product quality through customer feedback and elimination of costs in marketing and other processes. Service Recovery effort and strategic ways for it Fisk, Grove and John (2007, p. 176- 178) detailed a five-step strategic effort for service recovery. It comprises of apology, urgent reinstatement, empathy, symbolic atonement and follow-up. Almost same process was explained in the work of Botha, Strydom and Brink (2005, p. 301), but with a seven-step strategic cycle, they are 1 ) welcome complaints, 2) give immediate response, 3) treat clients fairly, 4) learn from recovery experience, 5) learn from lost clients and 6) doing it right. Apology with an attitude of welcoming complaints The process of service recovery should begin with an attitude of apology, which is an approach to becoming aware organization’s current situation in regard to dissatisfied customers. Apology is, as denoted by Fisk, Grove and John (2007, p. 176) admitting the failure and this can happen only when the organization has an attitude to accept complaints from customers and others too. Service can be identified and admitted only when the marketer accepts complaints from clients. If client’s complaints aren’t welcome to the firm, it will be fully unaware of how dissatisfied the customers are and why they are so etc. Urgent Reinstatement with immediate response Naturally, a dissatisfied customer would expect immediate response from the marketer and they want to know that some thing will be done by the marketer to remove the source of their disappointment. When the marketer accepts complaints from their customers, he must act as quickly as possible. Botha, Strydom and Brink (2005, p. 301) emphasized that a client will become more dissatisfied when he sees his complaints not listened and responded by

English Banking Law Essay Example for Free

English Banking Law Essay INTRODUCTION: There are three types of cheque frauds exists in UK viz. forged, counterfeit and fraudulently altered cheque fraud. In 2005, the cheque fraud in U.K was estimated about  £ 40.3 million – a 13% decrease from the 2004 total of  £ 46.2 million. The earlier year figures also revealed a steady increase totaling  £ 36million in 2002 and  £ 45million in 2003.In U.K during 2005, counterfeit cheque fraud was estimated at  £ 3.23m, forged cheques fraud was estimated at  £ 30.9 m in 2005 and fraudulently altered cheque fraud was estimated at  £ 6.2 millions. SOURCE: FRAUD FACTS -2006 APACS- UK This paper studies the various protections available to banks and customers when using cheques as opposed to cards, as method of payment. PROTECTION AVAILABLE TO CHEQUE PAYMENTS UNDER BILL OF EXCHANGE ACT, 1882, UK (BEA) AND CHEQUES ACT 1957 Under Bill of Exchange Act, 1882, under section 81 A, a non-transferable cheques has been defined as follows†   Ã¢â‚¬Å"81 A (1). Where as cheques is crossed and bears across its face the words ‘account payee’ or a/c either with or without the word ‘only’, the cheques shall not be transferable but shall only be valid as between the parties thereto. (2) A banker is not to be treated for the purpose of section 80 above as having been negligent by reasons only of his failure to concern himself with any purported endorsement of a cheque which under subsection (1) above or otherwise is not transferable. (Cheques Act, 1992). One risk associated with the cheques bearing forged or unauthorized endorsements’. However protection is available under the English Bills of exchange Act, (BEA, or the Act). Under BEA, a legitimate holder of a cheques payable to bearer attain a good title to the instrument overcoming thereby any adverse claim of ownership that might have been hold good against his predecessor. Accordingly, the payment by the drawee bank to those acquirers discharges the cheques as well as the drawer’s engagement thereon so as to permit the drawee bank to debit the drawee’s account. But this is not applicable to cheques payable to order. In the case of payable to order cheques, effect of an unauthorised or an absence of endorsement or forged endorsement shall have to be looked into under the circumstances of forged endorsements. One of the ways to prevent forged endorsement or loss due to stolen cheques is to use crossed cheques or cheques payable in account. Cheques crossing are available under the BEA, UK. The crossed cheques requires to deposit the cheques into account rather than payable to bearer does not reallocate the cheques theft losses but it minimizes the loss and thus benefits the party on whom the loss falls. Further the losses arose due to stolen cheques or loss cheques payable to bearer fall on the dispossessed owner under BEA. Thus under BEA , reallocation of loss away from dispossessed owner may not be successful in case of crossed cheques payable to bearer as the onerous shifted to bank for its negligence. If a bank has acted in good faith and it is protected under BEA for the payment made to open cheques to bearer.    In the case of crossed cheques, if the bank seeks protection, it should have acted without negligence and in good faith. Under BEA, if forged endorsement losses fall on the taker from the forger who is naturally a bank. Further, the cheques payable to the order under the BEA, loss reduction thus seems to be mainly advantageous to the collecting bank. Further the collecting bankers of the crossed cheques are protected under the BEA over forged endorsements as long as they acted in good faith and without negligence. Further under BEA, the drawee bank is protected and this shifts the reallocation of forged endorsement losses to the first innocent party prior to the collecting bank.   Where the one who grabbed the payment through a bank account was the conman, such innocent party is construed to be dispossessed owner. Thus the crossing has reassigned the loss to the dispossessed owner, thus excluding the collecting bank that took the cheque from the conman. Thus under BEA, protection is available to banking channel had they acted in good faith and without negligence even in case of crossed cheques .If an open or crossed stolen cheque has been collected by or paid to the conman , the loss is assigned to the dispossessed owner .Under UK laws , where a cheque is payable to order is collected or paid over a forged endorsement for or to a non-bank situated in the chain of title subsequent to the conman, loss is assigned to the non-bank from that of the conman. This is apart from of whether the cheque was collected for or paid to the innocent taker from the conman or someone obtaining title from the conman despite of crossing.   Where the cheque is crossed and it has to be paid into a bank account and then only it can be encashed as it will be convenient for the dispossessed owner to trace that person and assign the loss to him. Thus the crossing of cheque becomes more helpful to the true owner. However thus the innocent endorser has to bear the loss as the benefit is not in the reallocation of losses. The best example of the above is the Nigerian gangsters operating in UK and taking the gullible students who are in the poverty to carry out cheque fraud worth  £ 50 million a year. These Nigerians conman recruit poor students with promises of good cash reward for just providing the conman with their bank account particulars. By using stolen corporate cheque books, they then deposit huge amount of British pounds through the accounts. No sooner the account is credited with the collection amount from the fraudulent cheques, the account will be emptied before the firm or bank realizes what has happened. The major lion’s share goes to the conman and only a very meager amount goes to the innocent, poor student who has provided the bank account number to the conman. When the fraud comes to light due to alerting by the bank to the police, it is the poor, innocent student who will become the scapegoat. The conman mainly selects the students from Camden in North London where thousands of students from the capital’s universities congregate. Conman liberally offer them up to  £ 5000 for doing nothing. Then the conman approaches an insider who is working in the royal mail and induces them to steal a company’s cheque book. Then the conman visits the company office to collect the director’s signature from the dustbin and thus they scrupulously copy the same in writing the bogus cheques.   Thus the conman had a fortune by sharing a lion’s share in the booty leaving the innocent, poor account holder to face police and possible fraud investigation.[i] Banks and building society’s in UK from September 2006 onwards is not to accept the cheques that are issued in favour of the banks itself in a move to avoid frauds. Bank is to insist to issue the cheques payable to an individual or to include the individual’s name on the payee line after the name of the institution. This strategy is mainly designed to ensure that the money lands in the right account and to bring to an end to cheque fraud which reached to a height of  £46.2 million in 2004 which includes counterfeit and stolen cheques. This modification is being launched following a case in which an independent financial advisor informed his clients to draw cheques out to the financial institutions where the money was going to be invested. He then paid them in to his own account, rather than the customers account.[ii] Under the BEA , there is a provision with a bill containing words prohibiting transfer or indicating an intension that it should not be transferable and these instruments is termed as ‘ not negotiable’. As such these instruments can not be negotiated by the payee to another holder. In UK, an account payee or a/c payee and with or without the words only can be encashed only by the account holder and thus it can not be encashed other wise than by an endorsement. Further, under the BEA, the consequence of an unauthorised or forged assignment is similar to that of forged endorsement as both do not convey title. Under BEA, in there is no acceptance, the drawee can not be held liable on the instrument and it does not exclude in tort or in receipt of money provided elements of such liability are present. If the drawer has given sufficient notice well in advance informing the drawee about the forged endorsement and the remedy available to the drawer against drawee for the forged endorsement is under contract and this arises regardless of any particular provision of the BEA. Further under BEA , no remedies is specified for the misappropriation under forged endorsement but the injured can avail the common law remedies for the embezzlement of property in chattels generally rather than stipulating specific recourse to the true owner of misappropriated cheques. Further the loss of cheque does not forfeit the action on it under the BEA. Under BEA, no title is passed on under the forged endorsements and one who derives the title under forged endorsement can not enforce payments against a prior party to the forgery. Further no payment is made under due course so as to discharge the cheque and to preclude drawee’s liability against the drawer. Thus the original owner from whom the cheque was stolen and forged inherits the right to and on the cheque and he has a right to sue for the wrongful interference with his rights. Further under BEA, an endorser is barred from refuting the authenticity and promptness of all previous endorsements and at the time of endorsement, he had a good title and this denial will be advantageous for the holder in due course later. Further under BEA, the drawee bank can base its reliance on laws governing mistake and restitution for the payment made over a forged endorsement. Further, under BEA provisions, true owner may recover on the lost cheque from any party prior to the falsification till up to the drawer. Under BEA, cheques payable to fictitious or non existing persons is deemed to payable to the bearer. A collecting bank can not be held responsible for payment made to a thief if it is drawn on fictitious name and if they have acted in good faith which absolves the collecting from its liability. In Fok Cheong Shing Investments v. Bank of Nova Scotia, the president of the drawer who turned to be the authorised signatory of the company issued a cheque to a real person with an intention for misappropriation. The loss was allocated to the drawer under the fictious payee provision. Thus the drawee bank is being protected under the BEA if it has paid a cheque over forged endorsement in the ordinary course of business under good faith. Thus the statutory protection is extended to the collecting bank which collects in good faith and without negligence a cheque bearing a forged endorsement. S 60 of the BEA does not warrant that drawee bank should act with out negligence. However one may assume that a bank has to act without negligence in the ordinary course of business. The UK Review Committee on Banking Services Law and Practice considered provisions ss.60, 80 and s.1 of the Cheques Act 1957. The committed recommended to combine these provisions under single enactment so that statutory protection may be extended to a paying bank acting in ’good faith’ and without negligence. Both the s 82 and s.1 of the Bills of exchange (crossed cheques) Act were repealed by the Cheques Act 1957 in UK which mainly extended the protection to open cheques and other payments documents. In UK, the drawee is primarily liable to payment, the endorser is liable secondly and the drawer is the ultimately liable to payment upon dishonor. Not withstanding this, the drawer and the endorser may sign without recourse. The United Nations Convention on international Bills of exchange and International Bills of Exchange and International promissory notes , 1988( UNCITRAL Convention) specifies that the drawer may exclude his own liability for acceptance or deferment by an express stipulation in the Bill. Such stipulation will hold of use only where another party is or becomes liable on the bill. PROTECTION AVAILABLE TO PAYING BANK: Section 24 of the BEA states that a forged signature is no signature. In Brown v Westminster Bank (1964), the estoppel caused from the misleading facts from the client. In this case , the bank has reminded a old lady , the customer against the veracity of the signature as her signature was forged more than in 300 cheques and in turn she certified that the signature was her own.   When the bank was sued by her son later, it was held that bank was not liable and they were estopped from denying the genuineness of the cheques. In Tai Cotton Mills Ltd v Liu Chong Hing bank (1985), it was held in this case that a customer of a bank needs to check his bank statement to keep on watch that the forged cheques were processed. The bank’s express condition to the contrary in the contract with customer can absolve the banks from the wrongful debit. Like wise if a bank pays a cheque in breach of a mandate by oversight, it has the right of subrogation and the bank has the right to take the possession of a title or good that it effectively paid for. PROTECTION IN THE CASE OF CONVERSION: It is not necessary for the bank to check every endorsement on the cheque and it would be time consuming and onerous to do so. So as to assuage the liability of banks, BEA (1882) and the Cheques Act (1959) offer defense for the paying bank. Bank of Ireland v Hollicourt (Contracts) limited (2000) EWCA Cir 263. A suit was filed against a bank which continued to pay on cheques against the company’s bank account even after filing of a petition for bankruptcy. It was held that the bank had acted as an agent and didn’t have any beneficial interest and the legislation made the disposition void but that did not operate the way claimed. Roger Smith and Christopher Trimothy Esmond Hayward and Lloyds Bank TSB; Harvey Jones Ltd and Woolwich Plc (2000). Where a cheque has been misused falsely to change the name of the payee, then the piece of paper can not be termed as a cheque and an action for alteration against the collecting or paying bank will stand only as the nominal value of the paper and not as to the face value. As the material alteration was carried out with out assent of any one but the fraudster and under the bill is avoided save against a party consenting or making to the alteration. PRECAUTIONS TO BE OBSERVED WHILE WRITING A CHEQUE: Write clearly the name of person in whose favour your are writing a cheque with additional information like Dr, Er, his shop name or company name etc. From September 2006 on wards whenever you issue a cheque to UK building society or to a bank, add additional information other than the name of the bank or society like account no, bank branch name etc. To prevent fraudsters to add words in the empty blank space available in the written cheque, it is always better to draw a line through unused spaces. Don’t pre sign blank cheques and also try to fill all the details like full name, amount in figures and words and don’t issue undated cheques. Always issue ‘account payee only ‘crossed cheques’ to avoid any frauds. CREDIT CARD CHEQUES: These cheques have been issued as an additional facility on credit card accounts for the last 10 years in UK. These are similar to the normal bank account cheques and can be deployed for the same purpose. During 2004 , about 3.4m credit cheques have been issued which constitute a very little percentage (2%) as opposed to overall number of credit card in operation which totaled to 1.727 billion in the UK according to APACS , the UK payment association. The credit card cheques are likely to bounce in most of the cases if credit limit has been crossed. These credit card cheques are utilised for high value transactions ranging from  £ 850 as against  £ 58 for a UK credit card purchases and  £ 120 for payment of a personal cheque. In credit card cheques, the customer need not ask for the cheques from the credit card issuer but they are issued at the discretion of the card provider and there are different terms and conditions applicable to transaction done through credit cards cheques as compared with a credit card and this is being unaware by the most of the customers. One of the disadvantages is the fraud that is prevalent in the credit card cheques as the most of the issuer are forwarding it to their customers on discretionary basis. These credit card cheques are vulnerable to fraudulent activities as most of the customers do not aware that credit card cheques have been dispatched to them. In the case of these credit card frauds, lender has to bear the losses rather than customer. CREDIT CARD FRAUDS: Credit and debit card frauds cost  £ 400 m during 2004 and devise deployed by the fraudsters have become sophisticated.One of the remedy is to insure against the ID theft. Some insurance company offer it as free adds on with home insurance policy. One of the protection for the prevention of credit card frauds   is the introduction of new industry standard namely ‘Chip and Pin† which required implanting a microchip inside the credit and debit card and mandates that consumers key in a secrete four-digit personal identification number to complete a transaction using the card. As the result the consumers deceived by the fraudsters are on the decrease in UK. [i] Dan Evans, â€Å"Gang’s Pounds 50m stolen cheque racket ‘, Sunday Mirror, Jan, 12, 2003. [ii] â€Å"Banks put checks on Cheques in new bid to beat pounds 46 million fraud, The Birmingham post, December 8, 2005, page 24. Check Your Balance before the Match. The News Letter (Belfast, Northern Ireland) : 11 Cheques in the Post-Mortem. The Birmingham Post (England) 21 Jan. 2006: 27. Cheques to Be Stubbed Out. After 350 YEARS; Signed and Sealed. The Mirror (London, England) 10 Nov. 2004: 1. Fraud Bill Shock. Evening Gazette (Middlesbrough, England) 31 Jan. 2006: 2. Ghost Workers Help Fraud to Soar. Western Mail (Cardiff, Wales) 2 Feb. 2005: 6. King of the Cons. The Mirror (London, England) 11 Jan. 2005: 10. Postman Given Asylum Plundered [Pounds Sterling] 20million. The Daily Mail (London, England) 21 Dec. 2005: 17. Store Bans Slowcoach Cheques to Speed Checkouts. Western Mail (Cardiff, Wales) 3 Apr. 2006: 4. Sally Ramage Dabydeen, â€Å"Legal and Regulatory Frame work â€Å"iUniverse, 2004.

Hematological Values in Young Adults

Hematological Values in Young Adults A study on complete Blood cell count in young healthy Medical individuals Abstract Background: complete blood cell count is a frequently used laboratory test for the diagnosis of several diseases, in health examination and preoperative evaluation. The values of hematological parameters are affected by a number of factors even in apparently healthy population. Recently it was reported that white blood cell count and platelet counts are associated with cardiovascular diseases. It is of interest to note that the premenopausal women have a lower incidence of cardiovascular disease than men possibly due to female sex hormonal effect on platelet functions. so this study has been conducted in order to determine any sex variation effect on hematological parameters in apparently healthy male and female young adult subjects. Aims and objectives: The aim of this study is to measure the various hematological values in the young adult male and female subjects and then to compare their results. Methods: 80 young adult students between 17 to 20 years of age group have participated in this study voluntarily. After being informed blood samples of subjects had been taken in morning. Haematological parameters were analysed by Sysmex KX -21 automated hematology analyzer. The haematological changes in between male and female subjects were analyzed by Student’s paired â€Å"t† test respectively. Result: It shows that difference between the levels of Differential leukocyte cell count, Hemoglobin and Platelet count of the two studied group is statistically significant (p Key words: Male, Female, Blood cell, Hemoglobin, Leucocyte, Platelet Introduction Study of hematological parameters like complete blood cell count is a frequently used laboratory test performed to support the diagnosis of several diseases. It is also used in periodic health examination and preoperative evaluation. The values of hematological parameters are affected by a number of factors even in apparently healthy population. These include age, sex, body builds, and nutritional, environmental and social factors with ethnic backgrounds.1 It has been shown in several studies that some of the hematological parameters exhibit considerable variation in different period of life. At birth the total Hb level, RBC count, PCV are shown to be higher than at any other period of life.2,3 The levels of these parameters then decrease during the next few months after birth, some more steeply than others, with cells becoming hypo chromic with the development of physiological iron deficiency anemia.4 The Hb content and RBC count then gradually rise and approaches near to the adult levels by the age of puberty.5 In general the male hematological levels are higher than the adult female levels.6 However, Tell et al (1985)7 reported that total WBC Platelet counts are significantly higher in adolescent female than adolescent male subjects of 14-16 years of age. Recently it was also reported that white blood cell count and platelet counts are associated with cardiovascular diseases. Total WBC and certain subtype counts in young adulthood are significantly associated with the presence of coronary artery calcification (CAC) 15 or 20 years later in early middle age. This suggests possible involvement of WBC in initiation or early development of atherosclerosis at later age of life.8 Therefore, study on WBC at an early adulthood is important. Test Male Female P-value RBC 4.76 ±0.38 4.59 ±0.29 0.075 Hb (g/dl) 13.58 ±1.05 12.67 ±1.10 0.005* HCT(%) 41.96 ±4.51 39.92 ±2.70 0.064 MCH(pg) 28.67 ±1.90 27.60 ±1.61 0.041* MCHC(g/dl) 32.79 ±2.24 31.70 ±0.93 0.033 RDW (fl) 46.31 ±4.55 44.04 ±2.67 0.036* Materials and methods 40 healthy females average 20.75  ± 2.23 years old and 40 healthy males , on average 20.83  ± 0.96 years old; a total of 80 people apparently healthy have participated in this study on a voluntary basis. The subjects was excluded from the study, if they Suffer from any hematological, endocrinological, gynecological, cardiovascular, respiratory and nervous disorders and evidence of infection at the time of sampling or Subject had history of Blood transfusion or donation in last 3 months. The protocol has been explained to the subjects. 2 ml of venous blood sample was drawn between 9 a.m to 12 noon from anticubital vein under aseptic precautions in to a vial containing of 10% potassium EDTA to avoid diurnal variations. The sample was analysed immediately within 1-2 hrs, to avoid any variations due to storage. Hematological parameters such as red blood cell count (CBC), hemoglobin (HBG), hematocrit value (HCT), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean cell hemoglobin (MCH), mean cell hem oglobin concentration (MCHC), erythrocyte distribution width (RDW), leukocyte count (TLC), Differencial cell count, platelet count (PLT) were analyzed with â€Å"Sysmex-kx-21† brand blood cell counter device in central laboratory of Dhiraj hospital Piparia from July 2012 to Oct 2012. SPSS program has been used in assessment of data. Results have been decided on basis of Mean and Standard Deviation. t test was applied in independent groups to compare them. 0.05 values were accepted as significant. Results Table 1: Erythrocyte Parameters of Male (n=40) and Females (n=40) Table 2: Leukocyte Platelet count of Male (n=40) and Females (n=40) Test Male Female P-value Total WBC count 7.48 ± 1.85 7.02  ± 2.00 0.418 Differential Neutrophil count 65.33  ± 7.83 56.70  ± 13.59 0.010* Differential Lymphocyte count 29.90  ±9.72 35.80  ± 9.74 0.041* Differential Monocyte count 5.85  ± 2.16 7.49  ± 1.10 0.002* Total Platelet count 218.79  ± 29.96 252.54  ± 37.84 0.001* Discussion In our study Erythrocyte parameters like Hemoglobin, MCH and MCHC have been found to be higher in males, total WBC count with neutrophil count also higher in male subjects. Whenever lymphocyte count, monocyte count and Platelet were higher in female subject. EL- Hazmi and Warsy (2001) studied Saudi Children with ages ranging from 1-15 years. The RBC Count did not Show a Significant Changes in the 1 to 13 year Old but rope slightly beyond this age. No Significant differences were observed in red cell count in the male and female children. White blood cell gradually decreased 2 years onwards, While Hemoglobin and hematocrit levels increased significantly from 2 to 15 years. The same author reported WBC Count 10.9  ± 3.8 x 1012/L , 6.9  ± 3.1 x 10 9/L in one year olds , 9-11 years 12-15 years age group respectively.9 Ghafouri et al (1987) reported that total Level of hemoglobin was 13.7  ± 1.0 g/dl And 13.5  ± 1.0 g/dl, respectively in male female children, with ages ranging f rom 12-15 years. Hemoglobin Level was Lowest in the two-year olds, and then gradually increased up to 15 years of age in both boys girls. The differences of Boys Girls Level was significant after 14 years of age, The male values were Higher than the female values.10 Usman k et al (2007) studied 302 healthy volunteers, both male and female, ages Range between 20-45 years. They found, in males, the mean Hb concentration of 13.04 g/dl. Was significantly higher than females value of 11.63 g/dl. The RBC Count of 5.3 x1012/L in males was significantly higher than the corresponding Values of 4 x10 12/L in females. On the other hand The mean WBC Count of 8.25 x 109/L in males was lower than the mean values of 8.42 x109/L in females. Similarly the Values for platelet count of 255 x109/L in males were also Significantly lower than corresponding values of 279 x 10 9/L in females .11 Khanduri et al (2005) reported platelet counts in 25 males 25 females normal adult Indians the range being 11 1-338 (x 10 9 /L) and 137-337 ( x 10 9/L) respectively.12 Earlier Bain (1985) reported the mean platelet counts which were 288 and 262 x 109/L in Caucasian females and males respectively. 13 Casimir et al (2010) reported that Gender influences clinical presentation and markers in inflammatory diseases, in many chronic condititions frequency of complications is greater in females with the increase production of inflammatory markers like CRP (C reactive protein). Neutrophil count and ESR .14 Although numerous studies have been undertaken to examine the effects of Gender and various factor on differential blood counts but results have often been inconclusive and contradictory (Makinoda et al,1996)15 Conclusion Although blood cells of both groups are within the reference range, their being low or high in numbers is based on various factor like age, sex, body build, and nutritional, environmental and social factors with ethnic backgrounds. For clearance similar type of studies with multi subject and multi repetition are needed. References Mohson AF, Hazmi EL, Warsy As. Normal reference values for hematological parameters, red cell indices, HbA2 and HbF from early childhood through adolescence in Saudis. AS M 2001; 21: 165-169. Matoth Y, Zaizon R, Varsano I. Postnatal changes in some red cell parameters. Acta Paediatr Scand 1971; 60: 371. Marwaha N, Marwaha RK, Narang A, Thusu K,Garewal G, Bhakod ON, Routine hematological values in term newborns. Indian Pediatrics 1992; 29: 1095-1099. Dacie JV, Lewis SM. Practical Haematology. 7th edition. Londan: Churchill Livingstone,1991. Taylor MR, Holland CV, Spencer R, Jackson JF, conner GI, Donnell JR. Haematological reference range for school children. Clin Lab Haematol 1997; 19: 1-15. Kelly A, Munan L. Haematological profile of normal populations: red cell parameters. Br J Haemtol 1977; 35: 153. Tell GS, Grimm RH, Vellar OD. The relationship of white cell count, platelet count, and hematocrit to cigarette smoking in adolescents: the Oslo Youth Study. Circulation 1985; 72: 971-974. Hou L, Jones DL, Ning H, Huffman MD, Fornage M, He K et al. White blood cell count in young adulthood and coronary artery calcification in early middle age: coronary artery risk development in young adults (CARDIA) study. Circulation 2012; 125: 11. Gilles HM, Haematology in tropical Africa. Clin Hematol 1981; 10 : 695-705. Ghafouri HM, Alfares AM, Islam SI, Ahmed AO, Jan MY. Haematological reference values assessed from birth to adolescent in Saudi subjects in the area of Jeddah. Saudi Med J 1987; 8: 575-82. Usman K, Syed ZA, Rao AA. References range values of hematological parameters in healthy Pakistani adults. Pak J Physiol 2007; 19-22. Khanduri U, Sharma A and Joshi A. occult cobalamin and folate deficiency in Indians. The national medical journal of india, 2005; 18(4): 182-183. Bain BJ Platelet count and platelet size in males and females. Scand J Haematol 1985; 35: 77-9. Casimir G, Muller S, Hanssens L, Zilberg K, Duchateau J. Gender differences in inflammatory markers in infancy. Shock, 2010, 33(3): 258-262. Makinoda S, Mikuni M, Sogame M, Kobamastsu Y, Yamada H, Yamamoto R, Fujimoto S, FUruta I. Erythropoietin, granulocyte –colony stimulating factor, interlukin-1 beta and interleukin-6 during the menstrual cycle. Int J Gynecol Obstet 1996; 55: 265-71.

The Effects of Cloning on the Actual Clone Essay -- Biology Medical Bi

The Effects of Cloning on the Actual Clone Abstract An examination of the side-effects of cloning from the actual clone?s point of view. Focusing on the female cloned sheep Dolly (1995-2001) and her development under the unusual conditions in which she was raised that resulted in a premature euthenization. Not only is the process of conception brought into consideration, but also the living conditions and interactions between Dolly and other creatures is detailed. The resulting behavioral development of the sheep is then weighed and the death of Dolly attributed to not the cloning process, but the propaganda and attention given the actual sheep. The controversy surrounding the issue and ethics of cloning, centered on the large animal side, is also addressed here. Contributing factors as to why clones are not the exact carbon copies of their ancestors, as is expected, are also listed. Technical jargon is elaborated upon. _____________________________________________________ With all the controversy over the ethics of cloning, the focus of all the articles has been on ?playing God? and how it changes the meaning of life. The train of thought has been that animal cloning will lead to human cloning, and that human cloning is unethical and maybe even dangerous if the practice becomes common. But the common civilian doesn?t stop to think about the effects of cloning on the actual clone. No, most non-scientifically oriented people simply know some of the ethical arguments for or against cloning. Such points including that tampering with natural selection is wrong, or that cloned livestock would benefit the economy. Of course, the media most commonly focuses on the bad news and then the propaganda about cloning issues surfaces. Tak... ...cloned sheep that would be consumable by humans. (NISE 19997) This study is still being continued at the Roslin Institute in Edinburgh, and now Dolly has two younger cloned siblings that are contributing to the research along these lines. From the Clone?s Perspective 5 Many other animals such as lab mice have been successfully cloned as well. However, domestic animals like dogs and cats have not been produced through the cloning process. Rats as well have so far been a failing experiment. (Pence, 2004) From the Clone?s Perspective 6 References NISE. (1997 March). Hello Dolly. Scottish Sheep Shocker. 7-28-05: http://whyfiles.org/034clone/ Pence, G. (2004) Cloning After Dolly: Who?s still afraid? Lanham Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Inc. Roslin Institute. (1998 April). Progress AD (After Dolly). 7-28-05: http://www.roslin.ac.uk/public/cloning.html

Catholic and Jewish Rituals Stemming from Sacred Texts

In the last few thousand years, various religions have made the choice to record their various stories and teachings, to eliminate the â€Å"Chinese Whispers† effect that alters the details of these important themes. These writings are often utilised by those who follow the religion as a reference point to base their rituals on. The monotheistic religions of Christianity, more specifically Catholicism, and Judaism are both largely founded in their respective sacred texts and rely on these as a story to live by that guides and directs them through their ritualistic lives.Some rituals comprised from elements in religious texts are the community worship, a day of rest and the use of bread as a spiritual symbol. The form of community worship used by Catholics is the mass. Traditionally, it occurs on Sunday morning, and it attended by the Catholics of the community (The Catholic Archdiocese of Perth, 2008). However, in more modern times, it is only the more devoted worshippers that regularly attend mass at a cathedral/church/chapel. Within the mass are many rituals comprised from bible stories, such as the reciting of the Our Father.It is in the bible when Jesus is asked how to pray by his disciples, Luke 11: 1-13 (The Catholic Youth Bible, 2004). It was here that the Messiah first prayed the most well known Catholic prayer, which is used routinely by not only Catholics, but all of Christianity. The recording of this incidence in the scared text provides a reference point for the ritual of prayer in Catholicism. Jewish peoples attend the Synogogue, where they also pray as a community. This community is split, men and women must worship separately, as combining the two genders will cause a distraction and reduce the focus the individuals may place on their prayer (Chabad. rg, 2012. During the time that is spent in the Synagogue, ritual dictates that the Torah is read at various points throughout. The Torah is made up of the five books of Moses, as it is said t hat on Mount Sinai, God tells him what to record. Among these books, are the 613 commandments. The most famous of these are referred to by the Jewish people as the 10 Statements (BBC, 2009), while Catholics name them as the 10 Commandments, as they place less importance on the other 603 than the Jewish people do.The day of rest used by Catholics originated in the book of Genesis, where it is stated that God rested on the seventh day and sanctified it (Genesis 2:2) (The Catholic Youth Bible, 2004). In present times this has been adapted to the expression, â€Å"Even God rested on the seventh day,† reinforcing the theory that this ritual of rest is still observed in modern times even by those who do not follow the religion. This day of rest is called the Sabbath and happens every Sunday. Catholics take this to mean that if even God had to rest on the seventh day, so should they.Those in Judaism also have the day of rest for the same reason, thought the scripture reference diffe rs though they call it the Shabbat and it happens from Friday at sundown to Saturday at sundown. During this time, they must fast and everyday chores and work are not executed (Judaism 101, 2011). Despite both rituals both being derived from the same text, they have branched throughout time to form the state they are both currently in, thanks to the numerous influences that have been placed on each. While, in one sense it could be said these originated from the same ‘book’, this is incorrect.Both of this sacred days began due to the direction God gave in the creation story, however, the two religions have significant difference in their sacred texts. From a Catholic perspective the story begins in Genesis 2: 1-3 (The Catholic Youth Bible, 2004), though a Jewish person would it is in Bereshit 2: 1-3. These are the same stories, being told under different names – Bereshit being one of five books of the Jewish Torah (Volker Doorman, 2008) and Genesis being one of si xty-six books in the Catholic Bible.In Catholicism, bread is used in the Eucharist in memory of the Last Supper (Luke 22: 1-23) (The Catholic Youth Bible, 2004), when Jesus gave the bread of his body and wine of his blood to his apostles to symbolise giving himself to them, as he would be the next day when he was crucified. This meal was made immortal in the painting by Leonardo Da Vinci, which is known to most of the Western World. The current significance of this painting commemorates the importance of that night to Catholic peoples.However, the bread is used on Judaism for an entirely different reason, during the Passover/Pesach (Exodus 12/ Sh’mot 12). During this time, they may not eat anything leavened, as is set out in Leviticus 23:5 (The Catholic Youth Bible, 2004). The unleavened bread, which is usually braided to form a pattern in the bread, is the only bread that they are allowed to consumed in this time. The Passover meal has enormous significance to the Jewish and Christian peoples, it marks the time that the ancient Israelites were freed from slavery in Egypt by the 10 plagues sent by God.The most well known of these plagues was one that killed the first-born of the Egyptian families. The name comes from the presence of the lamb’s blood on the door, which alerted the spirit that it was not an Egyptian inside, but an Israelite – therefore it must ‘pass over’ that dwelling (Historic Jesus). The various aforementioned rituals, comprised from elements in religious texts are community worship, a day or rest and the use of bread as a spiritual symbol.They are all used by the monotheistic religions of Christianity, more specifically Catholicism, and Judaism – founded in their respective sacred texts and partially reliant on these stories as a guide and to provide direction to them through their ritualistic lives. Without the sacred texts, these religions would lack the structured way that they now operate and the true meaning of the stories would be lost among the many different tales.

Pharmacia & Upjohn Essay

As Pharmacia & Upjohn ready their Rogaine product to be distributed over the counter the company faces many new challenges not previously considered. Pharmacia has estimated that once in the over the counter market Rogaine would reach $250 million in sales within their first year and $1 billion over a period of five years. The numbers mentioned above where forecasted under the assumption that the FDA would approve a request for three year marketing exclusivity, this request was however denied. Pharmacia & Upjohn must now consider the possibility of loosing 60% of their volume to competition. The brand will have to reevaluate their potential first year sales and decide how they will modify their marketing plan to differentiate Rogaine from comparable products. External Analysis Customer Analysis. Pharmacia & Upjohn target men and women between the ages of 25 to 49 for their Rogaine product. Since Rogaine’s introduction as a prescription drug the product has grossed over $700 million in sales. At the time of the case research estimated that there were about 20 million women and 40 million men in the United States with thinning hair or baldness. Out of this group 38. 6 percent of women say they would seek treatment for hair loss and 30. 4 percent of men say they would seek treatment. Combined men and women are estimated to spend an estimated $300 million a year on products for the treatment of balding. As of now Pharmacia & Upjohn estimate potential retail sales of $250 million a year. Management will now have to take into consideration that they could lose up to 60 percent of their sales after their patent expires. Growth Prospect. By 1995 cumulative sales for the brand had reached $700 million in the US and exceeded $1 billion worldwide. Sales from their first year offering nonprescription Rogaine were expected to yield $250 million in retail sales in year one and $1billion over a period of five years. The company obviously expects growth in this market. Based on current industry trends and indicators, the hair regrowth industry is currently in the growth stage. One major characteristic of the growth stage is increased competition. In the past Rogaine was the only product offered containing their patented formula, however, there is now the possibility of at least three other brands using similar formula’s coming to the market. True to products in the growth stage Rogaine will be making a few changes to their marketing mix. Pharmacia & Upjohn plan to increase the percentage of minoxidil from 2 to 5 percent, sell Rogaine at half the price of the prescription version, distribute to retail outlets and increase promotion efforts. Marketing Profitability. The possibility for intense competition is very high for Rogaine. This is due to Pharmacia & Upjohn’s patent expiring for Rogaine and the denial of their request for a three year period of marketing exclusivity. As a result Bausch & Lomb, Alpharma, and Lemmon Company have all considered the possibility of bringing hair regrowth products to the market. The threat of substitutes is also particularly high due to generic brands offering similar products coming to the market. Generic brands typically sell for 25 percent to 50 percent less than brand name products. As a result of a greater number of options customers will now have more bargaining power than in the past. Distribution Channels. As a prescription drug Rogaine’s strategy was to first educate members of their sales force who would then call on physicians, dermatologist, and other health care professionals. After this introduction Pharmacia & Upjohn began targeting consumers directly through television commercials, print ads and direct mailings. Their over the counter strategy will include creating a â€Å"hair regrowth category† and distributing products through pharmacy or hair care sections of food, drug, and mass merchandise retail outlets. The company also plans to send mailings to around 40,000 physicians, 20,000 pharmacists. Consumers will be targeted with mail in rebates, television commercials and by advertisements placed in periodicals. Overall 92 percent of the target will see Rogaine through television and 77 percent of customers would be reached through print advertisements. Marketing Trends. Two major trends that will affect the marketing mix for Rogaine is lower pricing and increased promotion. A single, twin and triple pack of Rogaine will now retail for $29. 0, $55. 00 and $75. 00 respectfully. Overall their products will be selling for half the price of the prescription version of the product. Increased competition will also be a new trend in the market. Competitors such as Bausch & Lomb, Alpharma, and Lemmon and Company will be entering the market selling similar products. Overall $75 million will initially be spent on advertising in the over the counter market. There are also plans to increase the amount of minoxidil from 2-percent to 5-percent in order to increase product effectiveness. In comparison as a prescription drug it was estimated that Rogaine spent between $40 million and $50 million on marketing annually up until 1991. In the past Rogaine was protected by a patent blocking competitors from using their formula. A key success factor for Rogaine in the over the counter market will be differentiation. Rogaine will have to differentiate itself from competition who may be offering lower priced products. Customer Analysis. As of now Rogaine has two defined segments. Men between the ages of 25 and 49 make up the largest customer segment for Rogaine. Research indicates that 9. 9 percent of men who experience hair loss actually seek treatment. At the time of the case it was estimated that there were around 40 million balding men in the US. This means around 3,960,000 men will actually seek treatment for hair loss. The second submarket for the hair product is women between the ages of 18 and 49. It is estimated that around 20 million women have thinning hair and an estimated 13. 3 percent will actually seek treatment for their hair loss. Customers who purchase Rogaine are motivated by cosmetic reasons. Although hair loss is most commonly caused by the medical condition alopecia, it is not something that requires one to seek treatment. Most insurance plans do not even cover doctor’s visits or prescriptions for hair loss products such as Rogaine. Unmet Need. Although Rogaine is considered a success there are many who have not benefited from the use of the product. Research indicates that only 26 percent of male users reported moderate to dense growth and 33 percent reported minimal growth while using Rogaine. Out of women within this same age range only 19 percent reported moderate hair growth and 40 percent reported minimal growth. This means that there is still a large majority of the market that needs a solution to their hair loss problems. Performance Analysis. With the denial of the request for three year marketing exclusivity, this has affected the way Rogaine will compete against other hair loss treatment companies. Rogaine has assured its client based that their product is the â€Å"the only product medically proven to regrow hair. † Rogaine has been able to dominate the market with sales over $600 million during the years of 1988-1995. Sales are projected over the course of the next five years to increase at an average rate of 20% each year, with a total of net profit before taxes of $759,438, 823 at the end of 2000. Determinants of Strategic Options. Rogaine has chosen to spend $75 million on a marketing program to create awareness and a trial of the product. The $75 million will be distributed between one 30-second commercial spot for both men and women, information and displays would be sent to an estimated 40,000 physicians, and 20,000 pharmacists would receive the Rogaine Pharmacy Kit. Rogaine was also offering consumers a way to join the direct marketing program by signing up or calling the toll free number to join. Rogaine is also partnering with Progaine, (a shampoo) by offering coupons for Progaine inserted inside the Rogaine packages. Rogaine is currently facing the implications of having the 3 year market exclusivity request denied. This denial is allowing Rogaine’s competitors the ability to flood the market with their brand of hair re-growth products. This flooding of the market will likely decrease the growth rate of 20% in sales.

Mine Is Required

Josh Crews Mrs. McGaulley AP English 3 9/3/12 The Tone of â€Å"In and Of Ourselves We Trust† In the article â€Å"In and Of Ourselves We Trust† by Andy Rooney, the speaker uses tone to allow the reader to recognize the mutual trust of humanity and the law. For example, when the author states, â€Å"It’s amazing that we ever trust each other to do the right thing, isn’t it? †, he uses an appreciative tone. This is shown through the speakers’ appreciation of knowing that humanity will automatically do what is right even when it is not convenient for humanity.Even though he didn’t want to stop at the light, he did, and he is appreciative of the fact that other human beings would stop at the red light as well. There is a plethora of examples that show the speakers appreciation for this unseen force, as for example, â€Å"We do what we say what we’ll do. We show up when we say we’ll show up. † This example shows that h umanity has the natural instinct to accomplish our wishes. Furthermore, the speaker uses a proud tone in the example, â€Å"I was so proud of myself for stopping for that red light.Read also Critical appreciation of the poem â€Å"Old Ladies’ Home†. Thus, stating that he was proud that he did do right and realized that he didn’t think twice about it. Pride is one of mankind’s’ best attributes and sometimes the worst. In this case, pride is granting the speaker a chance to express his gratitude for humanity’s uncanny ability to surprise itself and show we are naturally striving for greatness. Following that, he states â€Å"†¦no one would ever have known what a good person I was†¦I had to tell someone. † Saying that shows the speaker wants to boast and tell the readers of his accomplishment.