Bruce Dawes Poetry :: essays research papers

Discuss 2 of Dawes poems which illustrates his belief that unremarkable things in heart are a good subject for poetry.Bruce Dawe poems illustrate his version of "ordinary". The poems I have studied of his work have been about life and how people deal with everyday living. Such poems as Drifters and Homosuburbiensis are good examples of how Dawe captures the meaning of "ordinary". Drifters is about a family who move from place to place, as the father needs to move by the demand of his job. The young children are growing up to follow no other way of life, as they are all waiting for the day they shall move again. The children get very excited about this, as it is something varied and is of course an adventurous, in ordinary life.The eldest, she is seeing what she is missing out on and is enough aware that there nomadic lives may never change. She who once was iodin of those excited children, realises she can not lead a normal teenage life as she is not stationed long enough, to become friends with people her own age. She is becoming frustrated with her life. She becomes upset but knows she has to accept the inevitable. From the above Dawe shows compassion for the eldest as she has to go through this more than once. Also the young children are exhalation to grow up to realise they will too go through the same thing. Dawe also shows a serious side in the poem, as the start out just wants to settle down and have the bright future she has always dreamed of. Dawe has a sympathetic outlook towards the mother, by outlining her hopes and dreams, also asking her economise Tom to make a wish in the last line of the poem. Thus hoping he will choose the same path in life that would be concrete and will bring them closer together. Because this is a continuous event the mother is getting frustrated as at the time of packing once again she finds that she has not unpacked from there last move.This poem is not everyones ordinary life but a life the have to lead in order to stay functional. The family have to make sacrifices because it is more of a necessity. This life they lead is ordinary to the young children but frustrating towards the eldest and the mother.

Digestive Process :: essays research papers

Digestive Process Digestive Process It is in the mouth, that the Thanksgiving feast begins its pilgrimage through the fabulous digestive system. It is here that the lips, cheeks and tongue, carefully position the food that the teeth will chew. This chewing process breaks up the food, this being a spot of mechanical digestion. While the teeth grind up the turkey and tasty stuffings, the salivary glands begin emitting enzymes, these enzymes being contained in saliva. This saliva helps to dissolve some foods, and adds mucus to make the foods passage through the digestive system a little more speedy. The saliva in addition attacks dangerous microorganisms which enter the mouth. Saliva also contains an enzyme which helps to break down carbohydrates into sugars. As the food is being ground and coated with saliva, its passed over the taste buds, which in turn send messages to the brain. The brain uses this information to finalise whether or not the food should be swallowed. The food i s then gathered into a ball, called a bolus, and it is pushed down into the pharynx by way of the tongue. This bolus of Thanksgiving repast is then passed down the esophagus, the esophagus being a 24cm long tube which connects the pharynx and stomach. Lining the walls of the esophagus are rings of muscle which contract in waves, pushing the bolus down the length of the esophagus. At the base of the esophagus, where the esophagus and stomach join, a thick ring of muscle called a sphincter, is found. This sphincter acts like a valve, as it allows food to pass into the stomach but does not permit it to pass back up through the esophagus. The stomach, which is in the essence a tremendous muscle sack, contains three sets of glands which produce gastric fluids. One set produces mucus which coats the food, making it slippery, and it protects the stomach walls from being digested by its own secretions. The second set of manufactures hydrochloric acid, which aid in the break-down of foods. In conjuction with hydrochloric acid, pepsin, which aids in the break-down of protein into smaller polypeptides, begins the process of protein digestion. The stomachs muscular walls move around the food and mucus, mixing them with the gastric fluids produced. The food becomes a sticky substances referred to as chyme, after about 2 or 3 hours of grinding within the stomach.

Caged Beauty in Harper Lees To Kill a Mockingbird :: To Kill a Mockingbird Essays

In the early nineteenth century, women were measured as cabin class citizens whose existence was narrowed down to the interior life of the home and the care of them children. After marriage, they did not have any rights to own straitlacedty, maintain their wages, or mansion house a contract, and were unable to vote. It was expected that women be dutiful wives, never to hold a thought or opinion independent of their husbands. It was also con inclinered inappropriate for women to motivity alone or to speak in public. Women were also taught to cease from pursuing any serious education. Silently floating in their cages, they were seen as merely objects of beauty, and were looked upon as intellectually and physically substandard to men. However, among these simple housekeepers are social reformers, wonderful mothers, and powerful women of faith who changed the world by changing their own.In To Kill a derisive Bird by Harper Lee, little Scout is nurtured throughout her whole life by h er only parent, her father. Without a mother by her side to teach her the manners, Scout, instead of wearing dresses and learning to behave like a lady at her age, wears overalls, fights, and learns to use foul language. The most significant role a woman must carry is the responsibility of being a mother. A traditional mother is often defined as a loving woman, large(p) her child tender caresses, guiding it throughout the early years of its upbringing and teaching it right from wrong. Mothers living today, who are creating their mark, make a difference in the world everyday.As we highlight the role of the mother, this is not to say that the father is not important or is less important. In To Kill a Mocking Bird, Scouts father, Atticus nurtures her and her brother alone as a single parent. Atticus Finch, a lawyer and devoted father, is an intelligent man whose knowledge, consistency, and exponent to see past the ill in people are what make him respected by everyone. He is a good ro le model and proper guide towards his children and is devoted to bringing them up right despite criticism from his family and neighbors saying that they lack discipline and proper guidance. But as the story goes on, it is shown that this isnt true at all. Scout and Jem seem to learn more about socially succeeding and being a good person in normal from Atticus than anywhere else.

Energy Bars and Resulting Glycemic Levels Essay -- Health Nutrition Di

Energy Bars and Resulting Glycemic LevelsThe Atkins diet has been sweeping the nation as more and more Americans struggle to lose weight. Opposed to opposite diets which require little fatty foods and more fruits and vegetables, Atkins takes a different approach. The Atkins diet suggests that removal of carbohydrates alone will lead to a thinner and healthier body. Atkins encourages intake of low-carb and high protein foods much(prenominal) as meat, and discourages consumption of foods high in carbohydrates such as bread. Divergent from proteins, carboyhdrates store sugars for a longer period of time and eventually turn into fat. To jibe the diet, Atkins came out with the low carb Atkins Advantage zip chevron. But losing carbs isnt the only path to weight loss as other bars with this macronutrient also travel glycemic levels (liquid derived from fats). Such bars, including the Balance Bar and Power Bar, substitute low-glycemic carbs for higher glycemic carbs as the former have been associated with weight gain and increased blood cholesterol. A deliberate went underway to determine just how successful the energy bars are in affecting glycemic levels. A make took place to see just how rough-and-ready energy bars are with glycemic levels. The Atkins Advantage, which in nearly free of carbs, the Balance Bar, which provides its energy from 40% carbs, 30% protein, and 30% fat, and the Power Bar, thats high in carbs, all were scientifically studied to see how well they live up to their names. The bars were abbreviated LC for low in carbs (Atkins), MC for moderate, (Balance) and HC for high (Power). The goal of this study was to compare the different glycemic responses of each bar to wh... ... leading to faster processing of fat and muscle gain versus weight gain. The Power bar on the other hand, which contains more carbs than the average carb substance such as white bread, is affective when eaten after exercise as it replenishes loss of glycogen in the musc les. So, each bar under this study affectively alters glucose levels, but with different results. The Atkins Advantage, or LC, contains drastically lower carbs leading to weight loss. The Balance Bar assists in weight loss to a smaller degree (with have the carbs of bread) but what it lacks in pound shedding makes up for with energy (from the protein and fats). And finally the high carb Power bar, with an additional amount of carbs, provides the energy and muscle aid which in turn can lead to weight loss. In sum, each bar is functional in their different dietary functions.

Cause and Effect Essay - Moving to a Large City -- Cause Effect Essays

Cause and Effect Essay - Moving to a Large City Whoosh That is the precise fundamental I heard as the crazed flock of travelers headed for the train terminal. My best friend, Stacy, and I were left disoriented and understandably confused once the crowd thinned. We were at Madison Square Garden at the train terminal awaiting our train back to the hotel it was our first trip to New York City. As one may imagine, it was a fascinating and surreal voyage into extreme urban life. It was so enthralling and exciting that afterward I felt compelled to make a permanent travel to a self-aggrandising city. Due to my experiences in cities like Atlanta and New York, I have an increasing desire to live in a large city because of the various forms of entertainment, myriad of transportation, and the never-ending excitement typical of such a fast-paced lifestyle. My main reason for having such a strong pep up to move to a city like New York is the variety of entertainment such a city of fers, such as shopping, unique eateries, and shows like concerts and musicals. During my delay in New York, I was s...

Cause and Effect Essay - Moving to a Large City -- Cause Effect Essays

Cause and Effect Essay - Moving to a astronomic City Whoosh That is the precise sound I heard as the crazed flock of travelers headed for the train terminal. My best friend, Stacy, and I were left disoriented and intelligibly confused once the crowd thinned. We were at Madison Square Garden at the train terminal awaiting our train back to the hotel it was our first trip to raw York City. As one may imagine, it was a fascinating and surreal voyage into extreme urban life. It was so enthralling and exciting that afterward I tangle compelled to make a permanent trek to a large city. Due to my experiences in cities like Atlanta and New York, I have an increasing intrust to live in a large city because of the various forms of entertainment, myriad of transportation, and the never-ending excitement typical of such a fast-paced lifestyle. My main savvy for having such a strong urge to move to a city like New York is the variety of entertainment such a city offers, such as shopping, unique eateries, and shows like concerts and musicals. During my stay in New York, I was s...

Opinion Piece Romeo and Juliet Essay

There atomic number 18 so many wrong things to the highest degree the love that Romeo and Juliet had. They said they loved each other, but I do not find that possible. For one thing, the love that Romeo felt for Rosaline was not love. Second, Shakespeare does not exactly ex evidently love very well, or the definition of it. Thirdly, Juliet and Romeo were never in love, plain and simple. And fourthly, desexualise infatuation. Apparently, Shakespeare has mistaken love for infatuation in this play. First off, the love that Romeo felt for Rosaline was definitely not actual love.He exclusively strongly look up to her from a distance, not being able to get closer. She never felt anything for him in return it was never meant to be. But when Juliet came along, his feelings were strong enough to forget about Rosaline completely. Juliet was different she actually had feelings for Romeo too. When Juliet had feelings for Romeo, Rosaline barely even knew he existed. When Juliet spent date with Romeo and vexd for him even though she barely knew him, Rosaline could not have cared less.The fact that Romeo and Juliets families are enemies possibly might make the two teenagers want to be together more, to sort of rebel against their families ways. I mean, they are teenagers. Now, we have to go over defining love, because clearly it is not properly introduced in Shakespeares play. There is no specific way to sleep with youre in love, because if you actually are you should respectable get it on, and feel it. Theres no telling that a first love will never last. There is no rule that you can unaccompanied be in love when you are a certain age. Anyone is capable of love.Teenage love is true too, and can be strong. Or at least, near is. You cannot say that a person is only in love when they feel certain things. It only matters that you do know the person somewhat well, and you strongly care about them. That they bring out a positive part of you or make you feel warm and f uzzy inside, and that you feel no need to brood your true self from them. Infatuation or admiration is NOT love. Its like an extreme exaggeration of feelings. For example, say a girl whos obsess with a celebrity says she loves him.No, she is not. Because for one thing, shes never even met the guy beforeor gotten a chance to know him. So that is how it was with Romeo and Rosaline. Although, Romeo didnt know Juliet very well either. Romeo and Juliet were never in love. It is plainly put. Everything happened too fast, the relationship moved too quickly which resulted in a tragedy. There was no clip for them to get to know each other. Though you can fall in love quickly once you know who they are. But no, there was no time for that.They just had to get married quickly and leave the knowing each other for later. To love someone, you have to know them. Romeo never knew what Juliets favorite colorize was, or what her hobbies were. He never knew her fears, her favorite food, or her skil ls. Juliet never knew if Romeo liked poetry, music, or fighting. Though, obviously he did not. But did she ever know that? Maybe he was afraid of spiders. Who knew? Juliet barely had an idea. In do to love someone, you have to know at least something about them or their life or their personality.It is absurd. And in order for them to have a successful marriage, they would have to get to know each other pretty well first. You can not save that for later, marriage does not work that way. And what if, once they did get to know each other, they did not like each other at all? Say, if one was not what the other was expecting of a person. They might make each other mad all the time, and the relationship would come crashing down, only because they didnt know each other first, before they went and got married. Infatuation.To define it more specifically, it is when you obsess over someone or something, saying you love it and adore it but you truly dont, you just dont know it. You strongly admire that thing or person, and you love the idea of it being yours. So basically its a sense of possession you feel when you really want something and all you care about is having it. You become completely obsessed and thats all you care about. So, evidently, Romeo was definitely infatuated with Rosaline, and he was infatuated with Juliet too, the only feelings Romeo ever felt for anyone was infatuation. Juliet and Romeo barely knew each other.

Polygraph Research

Christopher Langford Writing II T-Th 930-1045 Writing Assignment 2 Polygraph I began my inquiry thought process I wanted to find out where we were today in our advancement of the lie detector machine and its accuracy. There was a time it was heard of oft and considered quite debatable in its legitimacy. My question took me on a different journey then I had expected. A journey discovering that the Polygraph Machine is not provided just as controversial today as ever, but also that there appears to be behind the controversy then simply its technology. The Polygraph Machine was traditionally known for its use in lie sensing within fair play enforcement.So I began my search in the Criminal Justice info base of our develop library. I came across an interesting clause, The Truth Surrounding Lie Detection Technology, written by Rebecca Kanable, a freelance writer specializing in law enforcement topics for the periodical faithfulness Enforcement Technology. Her bind, although inf ormative of the details in how the polygraph machine works, what it detects physiologically, and why it might be considered inaccurate, revealed to me there may be more behind the controversial system then simply its technology.She would reference an important sounding entity called the APA (American Polygraph Association), explaining the APA founding, their development, and purpose. After discussing the APA and its extensive research and technology, another official sounding entity was introduced, the NAS (National Academy of skills). The NAS reported that opposed to the APAs pride in their more than 80% accuracy in detecting dissimulation, a majority of the research was unreliable, unscientific, and biased.The APA responded that the NAS findings were confined to a review of the research on polygraph testing in particular, and how it relates to personnel screening. The APA said the NAS relied on 57 of more than 1000 research studies available. The NAS in turn responded that a ce ntury of research in psychology and physiology provided little basis for expecting the polygraph test could have extremely high accuracy because the physiological responses are not uniquely related to deception only. At this oint a third entity was introduced, the NACVSA (National Association of Computer Voice Stress Analysis), who also bashed the APA as a flawed method and flawed technology. They would tout how they were back up in agreement by the NITV (National Institute for Truth Verification), yet another official sounding entity. This back and forth seemed a bit odd, as though one or the other had an agenda. That is what redirected my research into whom these entities were, and who was considered more reliable for the truth just about lie detection. First stop was the APA web site (APA. org).I discover it was a profit driven business selling technology, instruments, research, and advanced training and education programs, as well as advertising their APA magazine. Their prima ry customers were law enforcement, the legal community, and toffee-nosed sector security screening. It certainly was official, but only in the business sense. Ironically, in my search for the APA web site, it was paired with Antipolygraph. org web site. A location for put across board discussions against the polygraph, most of which was specifically directed at the APA. I then moved on to the first entity contradicting the APA in Kanables article, the NAS.NASonline. org had nothing to sell, but rather a non profit society established by an act of congress signed by Abraham Lincoln in 1863 and extended by President Woodrow Wilson supercharged with the mission of providing independent objective advice to the nation on matters related to science and technology. It definitely carried some free weight in legitimacy, but to be sure it was not a bias source about this topic, I search its site database for this particular topic, and although it spoke about the technology of the polygra ph, it made no specific evoke of the APA itself.I was unable to do the same of the APA site as you had to be a paying member to access their database. I felt the NAS response to the APA research was authentic coinciding with their purpose. What about the NACVSA? It turns out they are a direct competitor of the APA. Upon arriving at the CVSA1. com web site, it was immediately obvious in their solicitation of CVSA software and training. too solicited were funding assistance by dint of grants from both Walmart and Target to purchase the technology. They tried to hide behind governing body looking signs and symbols to appear more official.They covered the bases offering insight of cases solved by their technology, who was using their technology, and the history of their technology. They would repeatedly indicate their direct support from the National Institute for Truth Verification. Of course this institute must be official and have a web site. A Google turned up nothing for the NITV, and any mention of them would link you to the CVSA1. com web site. An approach at Wikipedia also only had them listed as a vendor and tied to the NACVSA.Returning to the CVSA1 website for further investigation, I noticed in small print in the watershed the following, the NITV is the manufacturer and sole source for the Computer Voice Stress Analyzer. That certainly did explain their avid support of the CVSA technology. One last scroll through all the sites having mention of the NITV, I noticed a Government site with their mention. Eforia. bis. doc. gov. was a public posting of government documents from the department of commerce. It displayed 11 charges against the NITV of illegal export as a private business. So much for that.Realizing I only had information from either the biased private businesses of technology, or the seemingly unbiased sources of government documents and a science society founded by congress, I now wanted to find others with something to say about the polygraph. I went back to the school library database with a refinement for only magazines and newspapers. First was a eye catching title of an article in the Atlantic Monthly by Alan Berlow called The Wrong Man. I gave accounts of cases leading to the conviction and eventual carrying out of death sentences of what would turn out to be discovered as wrongful conviction down the road.The tie with the polygraph came in that the results of the polygraphs, although not admissible in court, did find in agreement with what resulted in their convictions, even in contradiction of there world no physical evidence. This article revealed why the DA in one of those cases was so adamant in ignoring the lack of evidence for guilt and continuing till a conviction. He had knowledge of, and was influenced by, the non admissible results of the polygraph. The Wall Street Journal offered opposite perspectives on the polygraph. In 2003, an phrase by Sharon Begley called Inertia, Hope, Morality, score TKOs in Bouts with truehearted Science.The dispute with the polygraph was no different then others but with her particular method and terminology of expression. The second Wall Street Journal article, For The Polygraph Paradox Lie Detectors Arent Perfect But convicted Sex Offenders Concede, They May Be Good Enough, by Laurie P. Cohen. Although alluding to a positive use for the polygraph in spite of its controversy, I doubted the weight of this perspective as the only source of data was that of those who were convicted. It has no opposite data of those who were not convicted.I didnt take either article as being to far out of bounds as the Wall Street Journal is widely known as quite reputable, whether you agree with a particular article or not. So I then narrowed my search to the immediate locality, and took an article from the Telegram & Gazette. It was a General interest periodical in 1989 with no specific author. It was merely stating a factual outcome of the Massachusetts Supr eme Court having ruled the polygraph test as inadmissible in this state. My research into the polygraph, although moderately informative about its accuracy, was far more revealing about the source of opinions about the polygraph.My research resulted in verification of exactly what the assignment intended. The need to check out and verify the legitimacy of expressed information before accepting it as factual evidence of what you are researching. Annotated Bibliography Kanable, Rebecca. The Truth Surrounding Lie Detection Technology. Law Enforcement Technology, Aug 2010, Vol. 37 Issue 8 p60-67, An article that reveals the uses and allowances of the polygraph in our law enforcement system, legal system, and employment system. Barlow, Alan. The Wrong Man The Atlantic Monthly Nov. 1999 Vol. 84, Issue 5 p66-91 Article telling three separate stories of how the polygraph had an inappropriate influence on the outcome of three murder trials. Begley, Sharon. Inertia, Hope, Morality Score TK Os in Bouts with Solid Science. Wall Street Journal, N. Y. 6 June 2003 B. 1. AN anti polygraph writing reinforcing public opinion about the misuse Of the polygraph and its lack of agreeable legitimacy for use in trial court. Cohen, Laurie P. The Polygraph Paradox Lie Detectors Arent Perfect But, Convicted Sex Offenders Concede, They May Be Good Enough. Wall Street Journal, N. Y. 22 Mar. 208 A. 1. This article explores a unlike possibility of some positive outcome for polygraph use. Unfortunately it an opinion piece and purely based on speculation from a partial perspective. Court Rules Polygraph render Not Admissible Telegram & Gazette, Worcester, MA. 12 Dec. 1989 C7 Globe Newspaper Company Inc. General Interest Periodicals U. S. This newspaper clip is a simple statement of a judicial finding. American Polygraph Association www. polygraph. org Update 2012This is a privately owned web site for the purpose of self promoting propaganda and solicitation of services. G. W. Maschke. c/o www. antipolygraph. org copyright 2000-2013 A web site created for the purposes of providing a message board for those who want to explain there experience with the polygraph technology. Alternately used as a data collection point for anti polygraph propaganda. National Academy of Sciences www. nasonline. org Copyright 2013 A site for the release of information provided by the society of elected scholars for this organization that was created by congress to service humanity.National Association of Computerized Voice Stress Analysis www. cvsa1. com Copyright 2013 Another site for the solicitation of a product used for lie detection and the services this association can provide. Bureau of Industry and Security Export Enforcement BIS Public Affairs Aug. 2008 www. eforia. bis. doc. gov Just the simple display of actual court released documents about the 11 charges brought against the vendor NITV for the illegal export of lie detection devices to foreign governments.

You Changed My Life

You Changed My Life is a 2009 Filipino movie starring Sarah Geronimo and John Lloyd Cruz. It is the sequel to the 2008 smash hit movie A Very Special Love, starring Sarah Geronimo and John Lloyd Cruz. Filming has started in November 2008, just in time for its February 25, 2009 release as Star pic and VIVA Films post-Valentine offering to Filipino moviegoers and received again an A rating from the Cinema Evaluation Board. Cathy Garcia Molina reprises directorial duties for the franchise.It is now the Highest Top-Grossing Filipino Movie of All Time to turn Ang Tanging Ina Ninyong Lahat for its (YCML) 3rd week of showing. Synopsis Its been six months since Laida Magtalas (Sarah Geronimo) won the heart of her prince charming Miggy Montenegro (John Lloyd Cruz) and it has been nothing but roses-she got promoted, Flippage is now in the same building where Miggy works and scoop out of all, her hair looks better. To Laida,nothing can break her perfect little world. Miggy feels like hes on top of the world.Hes is finally okay with his family and for the first time,hes in a relationship that has meaning,He is belatedly proving to everyone that he is indeed a work in progress. But things quickly proven not quite what they seem. Miggy gets promoted but is assigned in Laguna. Laida,on the other handare,is organism offered a job to Canada. With their careers leading Laida and Miggy to different paths, their relationship suffers from the pressures of being apart. Will Laida and Miggy be able to keep their happily ever after? Or provide they realize,a little to late,that living the dream is actually harder than attaining it.Main Cast John Lloyd Cruz as Miguel Miggy Montenegro, Sarah Geronimo as Adelaida Laida Magtalas Supporting Cast Dante Rivero as Luis Montenegro, Rowell Santiago as guile Montenegro, Johnny Revilla as Roger Montenegro, Bing Pimentel as Alice Montenegro, Al Tantay as Tomas Magtalas, Irma Adlawan as Baby Magtalas, Arno Morales as Stephen Magtalas, Miles Ocampo as Rose Magtalas, Andre Garcia as Lio Magtalas, Joross Gamboa as John Rae, Bernard Palance as Mon, Matet De Leon as Zoila, Gio Alvarez as Vincent, Kalila Aguilos as Violy, Cj Jaravata as Jules, Epifania Panying Limon as Office Utility

Ideology of the films Essay

I. Introduction Feature depictions such as Star Wars and The Terminator last just a couple of hours, that they eat up months or even years to make. Huge teams of pile are involved in preparing for the action, and then capturing it on camera. Then, when the acting has finished, more hard massage begins on turning the action into a lead fit for cinema and TV screens. This paper studies (1) who were the starting time film-makers (2) know the development of cinema worldwide (3) be aware of the different types of modern film and (4) figure out the film-making at present.II. Background A. The first film-makers The first tidy sum to invent equipment for making films were the Americans W. K. L. Dickson and Thomas Edison, in the early 1890s. Their apparatus consisted of a camera called the Kinetograph and a conform to box called the Kinetoscope. Only one person at a time could look into the viewing box to watch the film, which was in black and white, had no intemperate and lasted j ust a few seconds. Two French brothers called Auguste and Louis Lumiere first devised a way of communicate film images onto a large screen for an audience.The Lumiere brothers called their apparatus the Cinematographe. They carried out their first demonstration in a Paris cafe in December 1895. stack were stunned to see the large, moving finds. Other inventors immediately began creating new types of projectors and experimenting with making their own films. ? Early film-making appraisals Film cameras do not record movement. The moving pictures we see on screen are actually still put downs, taken so quickly one after the other that they seem to merge. Each still photograph is called a frame.Most film cameras today take 24 frames every second, on a big reel of film that is wound steadily by the camera. The first film cameras, though, could take only 16 frames every second. The length of the film on the reel was 20 or 25 metres, which gave just rough one minute of screen time. So the first films usually showed just one, minuscule shaft. For example, LArroseur Arrose (A Trick on the Gardener) by the Lumiere brothers, made in 1895. The first film with more than one scene was probably Come Along Do , produced by the Robert Paul company in Britain in 1898.The company linked a scene outside an art gallery with a scene inside. A film-maker called George Melies began to produce multi-scene films, such as Cinderella (1899). Melies also experimented with interesting ways to tie the scenes together. He often used equipment, such as slides and magic lanterns, to create special effects. At the turn of the century, two British film-makers working separately in Brighton came up with creative ideas for shooting the scenes themselves. George Albert Smith invented a technique for filming a scene from different camera positions.In The Little Doctors (1901), a scene showing somebody feeding medicine to a kitten is shown first from a distance, then in close-up, then from a distance again. James Williamson had a different ideato shoot a piece of action across several scenes, instead of just one. In Stop Thief (1901), the lead grammatical case runs out of one scene, then the film cuts to a new scene elsewhere and the lead character runs into the scene, continuing the story. An American film-maker called Edwin S. Porter used ideas handle these especially effectively in a 1903 film called The Great Train Robbery. III. DiscussionA. The Development of Cinema Worldwide In the early days of film-making there were no cinemas. Film-makers used specialist sales organizations to sell their films to entertainment organizers, who projected them as part of variety shows in tent theatres. From 1905 to 1908 in the United States, thousands of theatres (known as nickelodeons) were set up especially for film. Permanent film theatres were also established across Europe, and film-making became a booming business. From 1908 a leading centre for American film-making gen uine in an area of southern California called Hollywood.Established British and French film companies were joined by flourishing film industries all over the world. An Italian film company produced the first large-scale film in 1912. It was called Quo Vadis? , and used massive film sets and more than 5,000 actors. Film-going became so popular that from 1914 many lavish cinemas called picture palaces were created. They could seat thousands of people at a time. Film-companies began to make films that lasted for several reels instead of just one. Picture palace audiences had to wait in the middle of a film while the projectionist changed reels.Films in those days were silent, so picture palaces usually had a pianist or organist who played music to accompany the action. Film-makers also included short written sentences in the film to add to the story or explain what the actors were saying. One of the most famous silent film stars was the British actor Charlie Chaplin (1889-1977), who cr eated the cuddly character of the little tramp who had a funny walk. Many film companies experimented with animated drawings and models, as well as human actors.European film companies introduced the idea of making information films about events in the news, as well as films for entertainment. ? Color and Sound From the early 1900s, inventors had worked on films with colour in and sound. The first breakthrough with colour came in 1908 in London, when G. A. Smith demonstrated a colour film process called Kinemacolour. However, Kinemacolour shades were based on just two colours, so films keep to be made in black and white. The first colour films to be created successfully from two colours were Toll of the Sea and The Black Pirate, shown to the public in 1922.In 1926 the American film company Warner Brothers delighted audiences with a series of short films that had sound to match the pictures. As the sound was recorded on a separate disc, the words did not always match the mouth mov ements of the actors. Warner Brothers The Jazz Singer was the first full-length talkie, in 1927. The film company Fox short developed a more effective technique for recording the sound onto the film itself. During the 1930s, Hollywood film companies made the most of the new sound engineering science by making musicals with singing and dancing stars such as Shirley Temple, and Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers.Gangster talkies and romantic comedies were popular in the United States and Britain, although at this time the Nipponese film industry was the largest producer of films in the world. In 1934, the Bombay Talkies studio was formed in India, founding one of the biggest film industries in the world. While film companies had been lively creating talkies, they had also been working on perfecting colour in films. Finally a process was developed that used three colors to create different shades, earlier than just two. In 1935, the first three-strip Technicolor film was produced, Bec ky Sharp.From then on, moving pictures not only sounded real, they looked real too. B. Different Types of Modern Films Since the early days, many different types, or genres, of feature film have been made. These include westerns (such as The Magnificent Seven), thrillers (The Fugitive), comedies (Home Alone), action adventures (Indiana Jones), supernatural horror (Dracula), war epics (The Great Escape), romantic comedies (When Harry Met Sally).Crime and gangster films (The Godfather), films with animation (Who Framed Roger Rabbit? ), spy adventures (Mission Impossible), kung-fu extravaganzas (Enter the Dragon), science-fiction (E.T. The Extraterrestrial) and modern musicals (Grease and Moulin Rouge). Sometimes films combine two or more genres.Some films are produced with three-dimensional technology, so that if you relegate special glasses, the images on-screen appear to have more depth, just like in real life. Other films are made for IMAX cinemas. These special cinemas have gian t-sized screens with sophisticated sound systems to make you feel as if you are right in the middle of the action. IV. Conclusion A. Film-making today Film-making requires different specialist staff and technical processes, depending on what the film is about.All films go through three broad stages before they are ready for an audience. During the pre-production stage all the preparations are made for filming. The producer chooses the story, raises money and employs the people who will work on the film. The scriptwriter writes the words, creating an exciting plot and interesting characters. The director decides on the overall style of the film and chooses the leading actors. The art director is in charge of designers for the film sets, costumes and makeup, and choosing locations outside the studio.Technical directors are in charge of crews who build huge film sets and arrange lighting, sound and special effects. The production manager controls the budget and makes practical arrange ments for filming. During the production stage filming takes place. Stories are not usually filmed in the right order. The actors and crew film all the scenes that take place in one location before moving on to another. The director guides the creative elements of the film, from giving opinions on the story, to instructing the actors, to choosing camera angles. The director is helped by people in different departments.For instance, a continuity person makes sure that all the details are correct in scenes that are shot out of grade (such as the actors clothes and length of their hair). That way, when the filmed scenes are put into the right order later, they will run together smoothly. The post-production stage happens when all the action has been filmed. An editor in chief cuts sequences of action and joins them together, adding the sound. When the director and producer are happy with it, the finished film is then ready for distribution companies to sell to cinemas or TV companies .

Verizon Stakeholders

Stakeholders Stakeholders are the ones who have a stake in the organization and thus in some way or the other are related to the organization. This broad definition of stakeholders often leads to confusion hence a more narrow definition was derived that explains group who are vital for the organization or groups that help to define the organization, its mission, purpose and goals, and or are most affected by the activities of the organization (Lebeer, 2002, p. 181). Considering the above given definition, the stakeholders of Verizon can be segregated as internal as well as external stakeholders.Everybody who works for the organization can be considered as the internal stakeholder (Banhegyi, 2009, p. 395). The employees of Verizon are the internal stakeholders of the comp some(prenominal) however the families of these employees are also considered to be a part of internal shareholders. The external stakeholders are the ones who are not a part of the organization, exactly have recre ate in the company (McManus, 2005, p. 147). In Verizon, the customers are considered as one of the most important external stakeholders. apart(predicate) from customers, the shareholders and the investors are also of great importance.Other external stakeholders are the government, the public, and the environment. According to stakeholders theory, the stakeholders should be identified and segregated into different groups depending upon the cater and interest the exercise on the organization. This segregation is often called power grid. According to it, the stakeholders can be segregated into four different groups, these are High power-High interestThese stakeholders have active interest in the day to day functioning of the firm, so they should actively participate in managing the organization.Interest coupled with power gives them the authority to take decision and batch policies. Example The management High interest-Low power These stakeholders are interested in participating in the activities related to the organization but due to lack of power they cannot actively participate in the decision making process. The organization should keep them informed regarding the decision taken. Example The employees High power-Low interestThe stakeholders who possess the power but are unwilling to participate in different organizational activities belong to this group.The management tries to appease this section of the stakeholders as far as possible. Example Investors put down interest-Low powerThis set of stakeholder neither have the power to participate in the decision making activities nor do they have the interest to participate in any kind of activity related to the organization. Therefore, the organization should not pay much attention to them but their activities should be monitored on time to time basis. Example Government, kind interest groups, suppliers, etc. Figure 1 Power Grid (Source Davies, 2007, p. 36)

Cultural Democracy

Cultural country Summary This is the summary of the conference or debate between the two chatterers Mr. Jerry Sambuaga and Mr. Lee Nathanael Santoso, discussing the motion of Cultural land. The first topic that is discussed was on the ideal roll of land. Mr. Jerry verbalize that the ideal form of luggage compartment politic is the cardinal that prioritize license, to sacrifice liberalism utilise, which will eventu entirelyy lead to individualism. In his whim liberalism should be implemented in all aspects, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as in politics and economy.The frameworks of liberalism in politics be presidential election or parties, whereas the example of liberalism in economy is human rights. The freedom of speech, freedom to express opinions, since 1998, is the key to liberalism ( broadcast state). On the other hand, when discussing the topic on the ideal form of body politic, Mr. Nathanael raises up the oral sexway Whether democracy is universal or lo fo reseey? as his comeback. People presently break human rights, the right to choose what they think democracy is. He said that in capital of Singapore the organization plays a larger role compargond than the role of freedom of speech ( phonation democracy).Mr. jerry said that democracy is invented in the west, and the democracy in Ind 1sia is gloss over very fragile, on that point argon aspects that have non yet been touched such(prenominal) as civil society, righteousness enforcement, etc. There is a recital that Mr. Jerry gave that Mr. Nathanael similarly agrees on, and that is Democracy is non a destination alone a mark. Mr. Nathanael added that democracy indeed is a mean or a goal, and the goal is non democracy except to make sure that every plenty have basic necessities (security, etc). Mr.Nathanael asked a rhetorical question, which policy-making dodge that can reassure their country to be flexible enough to attain political grid lock? From his point of view , Singapore is the closest one that has been suitcapable to achieve this. The hour topic that the moderator discussed was, Should a country this big (Indonesia) use a federal system or a unitary system? Mr. Nathanael said that our country should engage a mix of the two systems. From Mr. jerrys point of view, Indonesia should use a federal system, because Indonesia is very diverse, if we force any(prenominal)thing it can cause damages. Mr. Nathanael debated Mr.Jerrys conjurement by saying that Singapore as well has diversity, but they know how to harmonized the different point of views, opinions, etc. He said, Minorities and other ethnicity receive the right to manoeuvre part, to give a voice. Mr. Jerry debated Mr. Nathanaels statement by saying that Singapore has an oppressive or an authoritarian system, instead of having a freedom of speech. Singapore has a candid system but can it last with that system? Indonesia may not yet be successful now, but with the existence of l iberty, and opportunity given for muckle to be able to govern, may lead Indonesia to become a positive country. Mr. Nathanael debated Mr. Jerrys statement saying, The authoritarian system in Singapore is different comp ard to China, in Singapore the law is clear, you can have a say on criticizing the brass, but you must have facts to support it. Mr. Jerrys opinion is that our country is best suited with having a little number parties, because a large number of parties slows down finish making, and does nut suit the presidential system. While Mr. Nathanael said that democracy is not roughly political parties, part of political science,it is about achieving national interests.He said that, whole the parties with money that can win (in indo), but in Singapore if you have a unspoilt vision you will be heard. Should democracy watch freedom? Mr. Jerry said that ones freedom of expression could violate anothers freedom of expression. immunity should be controlled but not limit ed. Democracy may not be the best system, but it is still better to educate the people to enroll. He added, liberty of rights of Singapore must be developed. Mr. Nathanael commented, Singapore argon convinced that this is the system for them, the issue is Singapores system should be more relevant. Singapores human rights cant be comp ared with Indonesias priority of frugal prosperity. Cultural Democracy Critical Analysis Cultural Democracy is the consideration for a philosophy or policy emphasizing pluralism, involution, and equity within and between farmings. Which consists of a mark off of related commitments such as, protecting and promoting cultural diversity, and the right to culture for everyone in our society and around the world? encouraging active exponentiation in community cultural life? enabling people to participate in policy decisions that affect the quality of our cultural lives and ? ssuring fair and equitable chafe to cultural resources and support. There are three basic types of democracy Direct democracy is a political system where the citizens participate in the decision-making in person, exemplar democracy involves the selection of government officials by the people macrocosm represented, and fantanary democracy is a instance democracy where government is appointed by representatives as opposed to a presidential eclipse wherein the President is both head of state and the head of government and is elected by the voters.In my opinion, I think the ideal form of democracy should be the one where liberalism is highly considered, but where in that respect is in any case a nose out of balance in government involvement. Because, as the people, we know what our country needs roughly, but with the diversity that our country possess, and with the different opinions that people have, on that point should be a representative democracy that can represent the people and chooses the best decisions for the people and the country. Shoul d democracy control freedom?I think that freedom is both a confirmative and a negative think, if not controlled properly. People have different opinions, and if all of them have the freedom of speech, indeed there will be a molybdenum where their freedom of expression will clash with others freedom of expression. That is why that freedom should also be controlled to a point of degree where people would still have the freedom of speech. The main reason why Indonesia has not been able to reach its full potential is because we have weak institutions, hence weak democracy.Indonesia should learn the complexness that is democracy, the galore(postnominal) aspects that is consists of such aslegal certainty, transparency, freedom, etc. The one thing that Indonesia should be able to do to improve as a country is by knowing how to prioritize. Of course, in democracy alone there are many another(prenominal) aspects that it consists of, and to make do this by knowing which to prioritize fi rst, to the extent where all the aspects will be covered one by one. Indonesia should be consistent in side by side(p) or running a liberal system.Of course, there are processes that need to be done we need to fight for the freedom of the economy. The best solution is to have a modification based on the aspiration of the people. We should be able to learn, and read all the good elements that each country possesses, mix them up and implement them as our representative system. By Pamela Lemmuela (04320120057) FISIP/HI/2012 RESEARCH ? Democracy? From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia A woman casts her vote in the second round of the cut presidential election of 2007 Part of the Politics seriesDemocracy History comp subvertium Basic forms * Direct * delegate Variants * Anticipatory * Consensus * Deliberative * Demarchy * Economic * Electronic * Grassroots * Illiberal * inclusive * Liberal * no-partisan * Ochlocracy * Participatory * Radical * Religious * Representative charter * Sociocracy * Soviet * Totalitarian * another(prenominal) Politics portal * v t e Part of the Politics series Basic forms ofgovernment Power body structure * Confederal * Federal * Hegemony * Imperial * Unitary Power source Democracy * Direct * Representative * Other * Monarchy * Absolute * Constitutional * Oligarchy * Aristocracy * Meritocracy * Military junta * Plutocracy * Stratocracy * Technocracy * Timocracy * Other * Anarchy * Authoritarianism * Autocracy * Anocracy * Despotism * Dictatorship * Kritarchy * Republic * Theocracy * Totalitarianism List of forms of government Politics portal * v t eDemocracy is a form of government in which all eligible citizens have an equal say in the decisions that affect their lives. Democracy get outs people to participate equallyeither conductly or with elected representativesin the proposal, development, and creation of laws. It encompasses social, economic and cultural conditions that enable the free and equal practice of political s elf-determination. The term originates from the Greek (demokratia) rule of the people,1 which was coined from demos) people and (kratos) power in the 5th century BCE to denote the political systems then existing in Greek city-states, notably Athens the term is an antonym to rule of an elite. The English word dates to the sixteenth century, from the older Middle French and Middle Latin equivalents. A pop government lying lines to forms of government where power is either held by one, as in a monarchy, or where power is held by a small number of individuals, as in an oligarchy or aristocracy.Nevertheless, these electrical resistances, inherited from Greek philosophy, are now ambiguous because contemporary governments have mixed democratic, oligarchic, and monarchic elements. Karl Popper define democracy in contrast to dictatorship or tyranny, thus focusing on opportunities for the people to control their leaders and to oust them without the need for a revolution. 2 Several va riants of democracy exist, but there are two basic forms, both of which concern how the whole body of citizens executes its will. One form of emocracy is direct democracy, in which citizens have direct and active participation in the decision making of the government. In most modern democracies, the whole body of citizens remain the sovereign power but political power is exercised indirectly through elected representatives this is called representative democracy. The concept of representative democracy arose largely from ideas and institutions that developed during the atomic number 63an Middle Ages, the Age of Enlightenment, and the American and French Revolutions. 3 Contents hide * 1 Definition * 2 History * 2. Ancient origins * 2. 2 Middle Ages * 2. 3 Modern era * 3 Countries * 4 Types * 4. 1 Basic forms * 4. 2 Variants * 4. 3 Non-governmental * 5 Theory * 5. 1 Aristotle * 5. 2 Rationale * 5. 3 Ideal forms * 5. 4 Practice * 5. 5 Criticism * 6 Development * 7 contrive also * 8 Re ferences * 9 External links edit Definition While there is no universally accepted definition of democracy,4 equality and freedom have both been identified as important characteristics of democracy since ancient meters. 5 These prescripts are reflected in all citizens being equal before the law and having equal access to legislative processes. For example, in a representative democracy, every vote has equal weight, no unreasonable restrictions can apply to anyone seeking to become a representative, and the freedom of its citizens is secured by legitimized rights and liberties which are generally saved by a constitution. 67 One theory pass waters that democracy requires three fundamental principles 1) upward control, i. e. overeignty residing at the lowest levels of authority, 2) political equality, and 3) social norms by which individuals and institutions simply consider acceptable acts that reflect the first two principles of upward control and political equality. 8 The term d emocracy is sometimes utilize as shorthand for liberal democracy, which is a variant of representative democracy that may allow elements such as political pluralism equality before the law the right to petition elected officials for redress of grievances due process civil liberties human rights and lements of civil society outside the government. book of facts needed In the fall in States, separation of powers is lots cited as a central attribute, but in other countries, such as the United Kingdom, the dominant principle is that of parliamentary sovereignty (while maintaining judicial independence). citation needed In other cases, democracy is used to mean direct democracy. Though the term democracy is typically used in the context of a political state, the principles also are applicable to private organizations. Majority rule is ofttimes magnetic diped as a characteristic of democracy. by whom? Hence, democracy allows for political minorities to be oppressed by the tyranny o f the majority in the absence of legal aegiss of individual or group rights. An essential part of an ideal representative democracy is competitive elections that are fair both substantively9 and procedurally. 10 Furthermore, freedom of political expression, freedom of speech, and freedom of the press are considered to be essential rights that allow citizens to be adequately informed and able to vote correspond to their own interests. 1112 It has also been suggested that a basic feature of democracy is the capacity of individuals to participate freely and fully in the life of their society. 13 With its fury on notions of social contract and the collective will of the people, democracy can also be characterized as a form of political collectivism because it is defined as a form of government in which all eligible citizens have an equal say in the decisions that affect their lives. 14 While democracy is oftentimes equated with the republican form of government, the term republic cl assically has encompassed both democracies and aristocracies. 1516 edit History Main article History of democracy edit Ancient origins See also Athenian democracy Cleisthenes, father of Athenian democracy, modern bust. The term democracy first appeared in ancient Greek political and philosophical thought in the city-state of Athens. 1718 Led by Cleisthenes, Athenians established what is generally held as the first democracy in 508-507 BCE. Cleisthenes is pointred to as the father of Athenian democracy. 19 Athenian democracy took the form of a direct democracy, and it had two distinguishing features the random selection of ordinary citizens to fill the few existing government administrative and judicial offices,20 and a legislative assembly consisting of all Athenian citizens. 21 All citizens were eligible to cover and vote in the assembly, which set the laws of the city state. However, Athenian citizenship excluded women, slaves, foreigners ( metoikoi), and males under 20 years ol d. citation needed Of the estimated 200,000 to 400,000 inhabitants of Athens, there were between 30,000 and 60,000 citizens. citation needed The exclusion of large parts of the population from the citizen body is closely related to the ancient understanding of citizenship. In most of antiquity the benefit of citizenship was tied to the arrangement to fight war campaigns. citation needed Athenian democracy was not only direct in the sense that decisions were made by the assembled people, but also directest in the sense that the people through the assembly, boule and courts of law controlled the entire political process and a large proportion of citizens were involved constantly in the public business. 22 unconstipated though the rights of the individual were not secured by the Athenian constitution in the modern sense (the ancient Greeks had no word for rights23), the Athenians enjoyed their liberties not in opposition to the government but by living in a city that was not subject to another power and by not being subjects themselves to the rule of another person. 24 Even though the Roman Republic contributed significantly to certain aspects of democracy, only a minority of Romans were citizens with votes in elections for representatives.The votes of the powerful were given more weight through a system of gerrymandering, so most high officials, including members of the Senate, came from a few wealthy and noble families. 25 However, many notable exceptions did occur. citation needed edit Middle Ages During the Middle Ages, there were various systems involving elections or assemblies, although often only involving a small amount of the population, the election of Gopala in Bengal region of Indian Subcontinent (within a aste system), the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (10% of population), the Althing in Iceland, the Logting in the Faeroe Islands, certain medieval Italian city-states such as Venice, the tuatha system in early medieval Ireland, the Veche in Novgor od and Pskov Republics of medieval Russia, Scandinavian Things, The States in Tirol and Switzerland and the autonomous merchandiser city of Sakai in the 16th century in Japan. However, participation was often restricted to a minority, and so may be better classified as oligarchy.Most regions in medieval Europe were ruled by clergy or feudal lords. The Kouroukan Fouga divided the Mali Empire into ruling clans (lineages) that were represented at a great assembly called the Gbara. However, the charter made Mali more similar to a radical monarchy than a democratic republic. A little closer to modern democracy were the Cossack republics of Ukraine in the 16th17th centuries Cossack Hetmanate and Zaporizhian Sich. The highest post the Hetman was elected by the representatives from the countrys districts.Magna Carta, 1215, England The fan tan of England had its roots in the restrictions on the power of kings written into Magna Carta, which explicitly protected certain rights of the Kin gs subjects, whether free or fettered and implicitly supported what became English writ of habeas corpus, safeguarding individual freedom against unlawful imprisonment with right to appeal. The first elected parliament was De Montforts Parliament in England in 1265.However only a small minority actually had a voice Parliament was elected by only a few per centum of the population, (less than 3% as late as 178026), and the power to call parliament was at the pleasure of the monarch (usually when he or she needed funds). The power of Parliament increased in stages over the succeeding centuries. After the Glorious Revolution of 1688, the English Bill of Rights of 1689 was enacted, which codified certain rights and increased the influence of Parliament. 26 The franchise was lento increased and Parliament gradually gained more power until the monarch became largely a figurehead. 27 As the franchise was increased, it also was made more uniform, as many so-called rotten boroughs, with a handful of voters electing a Member of Parliament, were eliminated in the Reform Act of 1832. In North America, the English Puritans who migrated from 1620 established colonies in innovative England whose governance was democratic and which contributed to the democratic development of the United States. 28 edit Modern era edit 18th and 19th centuries The first nation in modern history to get hitched with a democratic constitution was the short-lived Corsican Republic in 1755. This Corsican Constitution was the first based on Enlightenment principles and even allowed for egg-producing(prenominal) suffrage, something that was granted in other democracies only by the 20th century. In 1789, Revolutionary France adopted the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen and, although short-lived, the National Convention was elected by all males in 1792. 29The establishment of universal male suffrage in France in 1848 was an important milestone in the history of democracy. Univer sal male suffrage was definitely established in France in March 1848 in the wake of the French Revolution of 1848. 30 In 1848, several revolutions broke out in Europe as rulers were confronted with normal demands for liberal constitutions and more democratic government. 31 Although not described as a democracy by the founding fathers, the United States founders also share a determination to root the American experiment in the principle of natural freedom and equality. 32 The United States Constitution, adopted in 1788, provided for an elected government and protected civil rights and liberties for some. In the colonial period before 1776, and for some time after, often only adult white male property owners could vote enslaved Africans, most free black people and most women were not extended the franchise. On the American frontier, democracy became a way of life, with widespread social, economic and political equality. 33 However, slaveholding was a social and economic institution, particularly in eleven states in the American South, such that a variety of organizations were established advocating the movement of black people from the United States to locations where they would enjoy greater freedom and equality. In the 1860 United States Census the slave population in the United States had grown to four million,34 and in reconstructive memory after the Civil struggle (late 1860s) the newly freed slaves became citizens with (in the case of men) a nominal right to vote.Full enfranchisement of citizens was not secured until after the African-American Civil Rights Movement (19551968) gained conversion by the United States Congress of the Voting Rights Act of 1965. 3536 edit 20th and 21st centuries The number of nations 18002003 scoring 8 or higher on Polity IV scale, another widely used measure of democracy. 20th century transitions to liberal democracy have come in successive waves of democracy, variously resulting from wars, revolutions, decolonization, reli gious and economic circumstances.World War I and the dissolution of the Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian empires resulted in the creation of new nation-states from Europe, most of them at least nominally democratic. In the 1920s democracy flourished, but the Great Depression brought disenchantment, and most of the countries of Europe, Latin America, and Asia turned to strong-man rule or dictatorships. Fascism and dictatorships flourished in Nazi Germany, Italy, Spain and Portugal, as well as nondemocratic regimes in the Baltics, the Balkans, Brazil, Cuba, China, and Japan, among others. 37 World War II brought a definitive reversal of this trend in western Europe. The democratization of the American, British, and French sectors of occupied Germany (disputed38), Austria, Italy, and the occupied Japan served as a mildew for the later theory of regime change. However, most of Eastern Europe, including the Soviet sector of Germany fell into the non-democratic Soviet bloc. The war was follo wed by decolonization, and again most of the new separatist states had nominally democratic constitutions. India bug outd as the worlds largest democracy and continues to be so. 39 By 1960, the vast majority of country-states were nominally democracies, although most of the worlds populations lived in nations that experienced sham elections, and other forms of machination (particularly in Communist nations and the former colonies. ) A subsequent wave of democratization brought substantial gains toward true liberal democracy for many nations. Spain, Portugal (1974), and several of the military dictatorships in South America returned to civilian rule in the late 1970s and early 1980s (Argentina in 1983, Bolivia, Uruguay in 1984, Brazil in 1985, and Chile in the early 1990s).This was followed by nations in East and South Asia by the mid-to-late 1980s. Economic malaise in the 1980s, along with resentment of Soviet oppression, contributed to the collapse of the Soviet Union, the assoc iated end of the Cold War, and the democratization and liberalization of the former Eastern bloc countries. The most successful of the new democracies were those geographicly and culturally closest to western Europe, and they are now members or candidate members of the European Union. Some researchers consider that contemporary Russia is not a true democracy and instead resembles a form of dictatorship. 40 The Economists Democracy mightiness as published in December 2011, with greener colours representing more democratic countries and clearly authoritarian countries in dark red. The liberal trend spread to some nations in Africa in the 1990s, most prominently in South Africa. Some recent examples of attempts of liberalization include the Indonesian Revolution of 1998, the Bulldozer Revolution in Yugoslavia, the Rose Revolution in Georgia, the Orange Revolution in Ukraine, the Cedar Revolution in Lebanon, the Tulip Revolution in Kyrgyzstan, and the Jasmine Revolution in Tunisia.Acco rding to Freedom House, in 2007 there were 123 electoral democracies (up from 40 in 1972). 41 According to World Forum on Democracy, electoral democracies now represent 120 of the 192 existing countries and constitute 58. 2 percent of the worlds population. At the same time liberal democracies i. e. countries Freedom House regards as free and respectful of basic human rights and the rule of law are 85 in number and represent 38 percent of the global population. 42 In 2010 the United Nations declared September 15 the International Day of Democracy. 43 edit Countries The following countries are categorized by the Democracy Index 2011 as Full democracy44 1. Norway? 2. Iceland? 3. Denmark? 4. Sweden? 5. New Zealand 6. Australia? 7. Switzerland? 8. Canada? 9. Finland? 10. Netherlands 11. Luxembourg ? 12. Ireland? 13. Austria? 14. Germany? 15. Malta 16. Czech Republic ? 17. Uruguay? 18. United Kingdom? 19. United States? 20. Costa Rica 21. Japan? 22. South Korea? 23. Belgium? 24. Maurit ius? 25.Spain The Index assigns 53 countries to the next category, Flawed democracy Argentina, Benin, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Cape Verde, Chile, Colombia, Croatia, Cyprus, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Estonia, France, Ghana, Greece, Guyana, Hungary, Indonesia, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Latvia, Lesotho, Lithuania, Macedonia, Malaysia, Mali, India, Mexico, Moldova, Mongolia, Montenegro, Namibia, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Taiwan, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Trinidad and Tobago, Zambia44 editTypes See also List of types of democracy Democracy has taken a number of forms, both in theory and practice. Some varieties of democracy provide better representation and more freedom for their citizens than others. 4546 However, if any democracy is not structured so as to prohibit the government from excluding the people from the legislative process, or any branch of government f rom altering the separation of powers in its own favor, then a branch of the system can accumulate too much power and destroy the democracy. 474849 Worlds states colourise by form of government as of 20111 Presidential republics2 Semi-presidential republics2 Parliamentary republics2 Single-party republics Parliamentary constitutional monarchies Absolute monarchies Military dictatorships Parliamentary constitutional monarchies in which the monarch personally exercises power Republics with an executive president dependent on a parliament Countries which do not fit any of the above systems This map was complied according to the Wikipedia list of countries by system of government. See there for sources. 2Several states constitutionally deemed to be multiparty republics are broadly described by outsiders as authoritarian states. This map presents only the de jure form of government, and not the de facto degree of democracy. The following kinds of democracy are not exclusive of one anot her many specify details of aspects that are independent of one another and can co-exist in a single system. edit Basic forms edit DirectMain article Direct democracy Direct democracy is a political system where the citizens participate in the decision-making personally, contrary to relying on intermediaries or representatives. The supporters of direct democracy argue that democracy is more than merely a procedural issue. A direct democracy gives the ballot population the power to Landsgemeinde of the canton of Appenzell Innerrhoden, example for direct democracy in Switzerland 1. Change constitutional laws, 2. Put forth initiatives, referendums and suggestions for laws, 3.Give binding orders to elective officials, such as revoking them before the end of their elected term, or initiating a lawsuit for breaking a campaign promise. Of the three measures mentioned, most operate in developed democracies today. This is part of a gradual shift towards direct democracies. Elements of direc t democracy exist on a local level in many countries, though these systems often coexist with representative assemblies. Usually, this includes equal (and more or less direct) participation in the proposal, development and passage of legislation into law. 14 editRepresentative Main article Representative democracy Representative democracy involves the selection of government officials by the people being represented. If the head of state is also democratically elected then it is called a democratic republic. 50 The most common mechanisms involve election of the candidate with a majority or a plurality of the votes. Representatives may be elected or become diplomatic representatives by a particular district (or constituency), or represent the entire electorate through proportional systems, with some using a compounding of the two.Some representative democracies also incorporate elements of direct democracy, such as referendums. A characteristic of representative democracy is that wh ile the representatives are elected by the people to act in the peoples interest, they retain the freedom to exercise their own judgment as how best to do so. edit Parliamentary Main article Parliamentary system Parliamentary democracy is a representative democracy where government is appointed by representatives as opposed to a presidential rule wherein the President is both head of state and the head of government and is elected by the voters.Under a parliamentary democracy, government is exercised by delegation to an executive ministry and subject to ongoing review, checks and balances by the legislative parliament elected by the people. 5152535455 Parliamentary systems have the right to dismiss a Prime Minister at any point in time that they feel he or she is not doing their job to the expectations of the legislature. This is done through a Vote of No Confidence where the legislature decides whether or not to move back the Prime Minister from office by a majority support for hi s or her dismissal. 56 In some countries, the Prime Minister can also call an election whenever he or she so chooses, and typically the Prime Minister will hold an election when he or she knows that they are in good favor with the public as to get re-elected. In other parliamentary democracies extra elections are virtually never held, a minority government being preferred until the next ordinary elections. edit Presidential Main article Presidential system Presidential Democracy is a system where the public elects the president through free and fair elections.The president serves as both the head of state and head of government controlling most of the executive powers. The president serves for a specialised term and cannot exceed that amount of time. Elections typically have a fixed date and arent easily changed. The president has direct control over the cabinet, the members of which are specifically appointed by the president himself. 56 The president cannot be easily removed from office by the legislature, but he or she cannot remove members of the legislative branch any more easily.This provides some measure of separation of powers. In consequence however, the president and the legislature may end up in the control of separate parties, allowing one to block the other and thereby interfere with the orderly operation of the state. This may be the reason why presidential democracy is not very common outside the Americas. 56 A semi-presidential system is a system of democracy in which the government includes both a prime minister and a president. The particular powers held by the prime minister and president vary by country. 56 edit Constitutional Main article Constitutional democracy A constitutional democracy is a representative democracy in which the ability of the elected representatives to exercise decision-making power is subject to the rule of law, and usually moderated by a constitution that emphasizes the protection of the rights and freedoms of indiv iduals, and which places constraints on the leaders and on the extent to which the will of the majority can be exercised against the rights of minorities (see civil liberties).In a constitutional democracy, it is possible for some large-scale decisions to emerge from the many individual decisions that citizens are free to make. In other words, citizens can vote with their feet or vote with their dollars, resulting in significant in globe government-by-the-masses that exercises many powers associated with formal government elsewhere. edit Hybrid Some modern democracies that are predominately representative in nature also heavily rely upon forms of political action that are directly democratic.These democracies, which combine elements of representative democracy and direct democracy, are termed hybrid democracies57 or semi-direct democracies. Examples include Switzerland and some U. S. states, where frequent use is made of referendums and initiatives. Although managed by a representat ive legislative body, Switzerland allows for initiatives and referendums at both the local and federal levels. In the past 120 years less than 250 initiatives have been put to referendum.The populace has been conservative, approving only about 10% of the initiatives put before them in addition, they have often opted for a version of the initiative rewritten by government. citation needed In the United States, no mechanisms of direct democracy exists at the federal level, but over half of the states and many localities provide for citizen-sponsored ballot initiatives (also called ballot measures, ballot questions or propositions), and the vast majority of states allow for referendums.Examples include the extensive use of referendums in the US state of California, which is a state that has more than 20 million voters. 58 In New England Town meetings are often used, especially in rural areas, to manage local government. This creates a hybrid form of government, with a local direct demo cracy and a state government which is representative. For example, most Vermont towns hold annual town meetings in March in which town officers are elected, budgets for the town and schools are voted on, and citizens have an opportunity to speak and by heard on political matters. 59 edit Variants edit Republic Main article Republicanism In contemporary usage, the term democracy refers to a government chosen by the people, whether it is direct or representative. 60 The term republic has many different meanings, but today often refers to a representative democracy with an elected head of state, such as a president, serving for a limited term, in contrast to states with a hereditary monarch as a head of state, even if these states also are representative democracies with an elected or appointed head of government such as a prime minister. 61 The Founding Fathers of the United States rarely praised and often criticized democracy, which in their time tended to specifically mean direct de mocracy, often without the protection of a Constitution enshrining basic rights James Madison argued, especially in The Federalist No. 10, that what distinguished a democracy from a republic was that the former became weaker as it got larger and suffered more violently from the effects of faction, whereas a republic could get stronger as it got larger and combats faction by its very structure.What was critical to American values, John Adams insisted,62 was that the government be bound by fixed laws, which the people have a voice in making, and a right to defend. As Benjamin Franklin was exiting after writing the U. S. constitution, a woman asked him Well, Doctor, what have we gota republic or a monarchy? . He replied A republicif you can keep it. 63 Queen Elizabeth II, a constitutional monarch. edit Constitutional monarchy Main article constitutional monarchyInitially after the American and French revolutions, the question was open whether a democracy, in order to restrain unchecke d majority rule, should have an elite upper chamber, the members perhaps appointed meritorious experts or having lifetime tenures, or should have a constitutional monarch with limited but real powers. Some countries (as Britain, the Netherlands, Belgium, Scandinavian countries, Thailand, Japan and Bhutan) turned powerful monarchs into constitutional monarchs with limited or, often gradually, merely symbolic roles.Often the monarchy was abolished along with the aristocratic system (as in France, China, Russia, Germany, Austria, Hungary, Italy, Greece and Egypt). Many nations had elite upper houses of legislatures which often had lifetime tenure, but at long last these lost power (as in Britain) or else became elective and remained powerful (as in the United States). edit cordialist Socialist thought has several different views on democracy. Social democracy, democratic socialism, and the dictatorship of the proletariat (usually exercised through Soviet democracy) are some examples. Many democratic socialists and social democrats believe in a form of participatory democracy and workplace democracy combined with a representative democracy. Within Marxist orthodoxy there is a hostility to what is commonly called liberal democracy, which they simply refer to as parliamentary democracy because of its often centralized nature. Because of their desire to eliminate the political elitism they see in capitalism, Marxists, Leninists and Trotskyists believe in direct democracy implemented through a system of communes (which are sometimes called soviets).This system ultimately manifests itself as council democracy and begins with workplace democracy. (See Democracy in Marxism) Democracy cannot consist solely of elections that are nearly always fictitious and managed by rich landowners and professional politicians. Che Guevara,Speech, Uruguay, 196164 edit Anarchist Anarchists are split in this domain, depending on whether they believe that a majority-rule is peremptory or not. The only form of democracy considered acceptable to many anarchists is direct democracy.Pierre-Joseph Proudhon argued that the only acceptable form of direct democracy is one in which it is accepted that majority decisions are not binding on the minority, even when unanimous. 65 However, anarcho-communist Murray Bookchin criticized individualist anarchists for opposing democracy,66 and says majority rule is consistent with anarchism. 67 Some anarcho-communists oppose the majoritarian nature of direct democracy, feeling that it can impede individual liberty and opt in favour of a non-majoritarian form of consensus democracy, similar to Proudhons position on direct democracy. 68 henry David Thoreau, who did not self-identify as an anarchist but argued for a better government69 and is cited as an inspiration by some anarchists, argued that people should not be in the position of ruling others or being ruled when there is no consent. edit Demarchy Main article Demarchy Sometimes called democracy without elections, demarchy uses sortition to choose decision makers via a random process. The intention is that those chosen will be representative of the opinions and interests of the people at large, and be more fair and impartial than an elected official.The technique was in widespread use in Athenian Democracy and is still used in modern jury selection. edit Consensus Main article Consensus democracy Consensus democracy requires alter degrees of consensus rather than just a mere democratic majority. It typically attempts to protect minority rights from domination by majority rule. edit Supranational Qualified majority voting is designed by the Treaty of Rome to be the principal method of reaching decisions in the European Council of Ministers. This system allocates votes to member states in part according to their population, but heavily weighted in favour of the smaller states.This might be seen as a form of representative democracy, but representatives to th e Council might be appointed rather than directly elected. Some might consider the individuals being democratically represented to be states rather than people, as with many others. European Parliament members are democratically directly elected on the basis of universal suffrage, may be seen as an example of a supranational democratic institution. edit Non-governmental diversion from the public sphere, similar democratic principles and mechanisms of voting and representation have been used to govern other kinds of communities and organizations.Many non-governmental organizations decide policy and leadership by voting. Most backing unions and cooperatives are governed by democratic elections. Corporations are controlled by shareholders on the principle of one share, one vote. edit Theory A marble statue of Aristotle. edit Aristotle Aristotle contrasted rule by the many (democracy/polity), with rule by the few (oligarchy/aristocracy), and with rule by a single person (tyranny or to day autocracy/monarchy). He also thought that there was a good and a bad variant of each system (he considered democracy to be the degenerate counterpart to polity). 7071 For Aristotle the underlying principle of democracy is freedom, since only in a democracy the citizens can have a share in freedom. In essence, he argues that this is what every democracy should make its aim. There are two main aspects of freedom being ruled and ruling in turn, since everyone is equal according to number, not merit, and to be able to live as one pleases. But one factor of liberty is to govern and be governed in turn for the popular principle of justice is to have equality according to number, not worth, .And one is for a man to live as he likes for they say that this is the function of liberty, inasmuch as to live not as one likes is the life of a man that is a slave. Aristotle,Politics 1317b (Book 6, Part II) edit Rationale Among modern political theorists, there are three contending conceptions o f the fundamental rationale for democracy aggregative democracy, thoughtful democracy, and radical democracy. 72 edit Aggregative The theory of aggregative democracy claims that the aim of the democratic processes is to solicit citizens preferences and aggregate them together to determine what social policies society should adopt.Therefore, proponents of this view hold that democratic participation should primarily focus on voting, where the policy with the most votes gets implemented. Different variants of aggregative democracy exist. Under minimalism, democracy is a system of government in which citizens give teams of political leaders the right to rule in periodic elections. According to this minimalist conception, citizens cannot and should not rule because, for example, on most issues, most of the time, they have no clear views or their views are not well-founded.Joseph Schumpeter articulated this view most famously in his book Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy. 73 Contempo rary proponents of minimalism include William H. Riker, Adam Przeworski, Richard Posner. According to the theory of direct democracy, on the other hand, citizens should vote directly, not through their representatives, on legislative proposals. Proponents of direct democracy offer varied reasons to support this view. Political activity can be valuable in itself, it socializes and educates citizens, and popular participation can check powerful elites.Most importantly, citizens do not actually rule themselves unless they directly decide laws and policies. Governments will tend to produce laws and policies that are close to the views of the median voter with half to his left and the other half to his right. This is not actually a desirable outcome as it represents the action of self-interested and somewhat unaccountable political elites competing for votes. Anthony Downs suggests that ideological political parties are necessary to act as a mediating broker between individual and gove rnments.Downs laid out this view in his 1957 book An Economic Theory of Democracy. 74 Robert A. Dahl argues that the fundamental democratic principle is that, when it comes to binding collective decisions, each person in a political community is entitled to have his/her interests be given equal consideration (not inevitably that all people are equally satisfied by the collective decision). He uses the term polyarchy to refer to societies in which there exists a certain set of institutions and procedures which are perceived as leading to such democracy.First and foremost among these institutions is the regular occurrence of free and open elections which are used to select representatives who then manage all or most of the public policy of the society. However, these polyarchic procedures may not create a full democracy if, for example, poverty prevents political participation. 75 Somewho? see a problem with the wealthy having more influence and therefore argue for reforms like camp aign finance reform. Somewho? may see it as a problem that only voters decide policy, as opposed to a majority rule of the entire population.This can be used as an argument for making political participation mandatory, like compulsory voting or for making it more patient (non-compulsory) by simply refusing power to the government until the full majority feels inclined to speak their minds. edit Deliberative Deliberative democracy is based on the notion that democracy is government by deliberation. Unlike aggregative democracy, deliberative democracy holds that, for a democratic decision to be legitimate, it must be preceded by authentic deliberation, not merely the aggregration of preferences that occurs in voting.Authentic deliberation is deliberation among decision-makers that is free from distortions of unequal political power, such as power a decision-maker obtained through economic wealth or the support of interest groups. 767778 If the decision-makers cannot reach consensus a fter authentically deliberating on a proposal, then they vote on the proposal using a form of majority rule. edit Radical Radical democracy is based on the idea that there are hierarchical and oppressive power relations that exist in society.Democracys role is to make visible and challenge those relations by allowing for difference, dissent and antagonisms in decision making processes. edit Ideal forms edit Inclusive Main article Inclusive Democracy Inclusive democracy is a political theory and political project that aims for direct democracy in all fields of social life political democracy in the form of face-to-face assemblies which are confederated, economic democracy in a stateless, moneyless and marketless economy, democracy in the social realm, i. . self-management in places of work and education, and ecological democracy which aims to reintegrate society and nature. The theoretical project of inclusive democracy emerged from the work of political philosopher Takis Fotopoulos in Towards An Inclusive Democracy and was further developed in the journal Democracy & Nature and its successor The International Journal of Inclusive Democracy. The basic unit of decision making in an inclusive democracy is the demotic assembly, i. e. he assembly of demos, the citizen body in a given geographical area which may encompass a town and the surrounding villages, or even neighbourhoods of large cities. An inclusive democracy today can only take the form of a confederal democracy that is based on a network of administrative councils whose members or delegates are elected from popular face-to-face democratic assemblies in the various demoi. Thus, their role is purely administrative and practical, not one of policy-making like that of representatives in representative democracy.The citizen body is advised by experts but it is the citizen body which functions as the ultimate decision-taker . Authority can be delegated to a segment of the citizen body to carry out specific du ties, for example to serve as members of popular courts, or of regional and confederal councils. Such delegation is made, in principle, by lot, on a rotation basis, and is always recallable by the citizen body. Delegates to regional and confederal bodies should have specific mandates. edit

Investigation into the Judgements of Slang

Whenever we open our m proscribedhs, judgements are made on our social stratum, intelligence and nonwithstanding personalities. These judgements are based on various speech elements, such as our evince, dialect, vocabulary and de nameination of wear. It is the latter that this study is based on.The business officeicular type of buzzword I signify to focus on has recently emerged alongside a new speech pattern known as Multi Ethnic Youth idiom. (MEYD)My advise is to investigate whether in that location is a correlational statistics between suck in use and negative judgements made on the user. Secondly, as bait is frequently compared to Hallidays Anti-Language hypothesis, I intend to see if it can rationally be seen as such. I too wish to investigate whether specific lexical items a bank user deploys pass on affect the judgements.Much of the slang apply takes origins from gang and drug culture and as a result my hypothesis is that if verbalisers use slang that ho lds its origins in these backgrounds, deal are likely to extend the negative attributes that are assigned to gang members and drug users and thus label the vocalizers as violent drug users. I also hypothesise that users of slang will be judged more negatively than non-users of slang.MethodologyIn my study I will research the slang itself and the opinions plurality redeem on slang speakers. I will use recordings of slang speakers which I will analyse, and I shall conduct a survey to collect data on peoples opinions. I have ga on that pointd quad different recordings of youths speaking slang to varying degrees. I am aware that functionling extraneous variables will be difficult but I have attempted to do so by ensuring all speakers use non-standard incline (evidenced by their universal use of glottal stops) and that all use either MEYD or Estuary slope (EE). Though it would be preferable to have all speakers use MEYD I found that as slang is so deeply entwined with usage of t his dialect I was not able to find speakers who used lesser amounts of slang in this dialect.I intend to hurl four questionnaires (one for each recording) to each participant. The questionnaire will list attributes and after the participant has heard each recording they will be asked to rate the speaker out of four for each attribute (for example, one attribute may be how aggressive the participant is, one would be not at all aggressive, whilst four would be real aggressive)Once I have collected my data, I shall analyse the speakers language usage and the questionnaire results. I will look for a correlation between language and attributes assigned to speakers, in particular how negatively they are viewed in relation to their slang use. I am aware I cannot a great deal use as large a sample size as would be desirable, however, I shall take this into account when assessing my results.AnalysisMulti Ethnic Youth Dialect (MEYD)In recent years, a dialect known as Multi Ethnic Youth Dia lect has emerged. A wealth of research has already been conducted on this accent by such linguists as Sue Fox and David Britain. Though research has mostly been conducted into Multi-cultural London English (MLE) this is just one example of MEYD that is spread crosswise different areas in the country.MEYD derives from multicultural diversity in inner city areas. Increased immigration in cities has lead to various forms of English merging. For the most part the predominant form of English is that spoken in Britain, but it is not un crude to hear vocabulary that has derived from alternate forms such as the Jamaican Creole.The slang of MEYD derives from a categorisation of different dialects and creoles. Though I intend to focus on slang, there are several other notable features An extremely metrical speech pattern deriving from West Indes speech is typical. This rhythmic style of speaking is noticeable in speakers use of plosives For example the unvoiced dental raucous in thing be substituted with the unstated dental plosive so that it is pronounced ting.Use of the glottal stop is also common, resulting from the influence of Estuary English of which the glottal stop is a defining element.These features are all used by speaker one when he says-you have a li*le (.) play area ting inni* where you can just go cotchThe cotch derives from the Jamaican Creole, the use of glottal stops are denoted by asterisks and Thing has been pronounced with the voiceless dental plosive reflecting the rhythmic features of MEYD.MEYD as Anti-LanguageIn m whatsoever ways, the use of MEYD by youths fits into the idea of anti-language developed by Halliday. In an anti-language words are used in an attempt to exclude people who are not members of the anti-languages discourse community. The dialect of some of my speakers fits well into the idea of anti-language.As Hallidays fourth requirement of an anti-language states the grammar of MEYD is virtually identical to the norm. Though the re are some exceptions to the rule such as the countenance speakers use of you revved instead of youre revved which derives from the Jamaican Creoles distinct pronoun use. However, the general rules of English grammar are for the most part entirely kept.Hallidays third rule dictates the main linguistic deviation in an anti-language is the lexis. This rule is followed by MEYD speakers and a great variety of lexis which does not adhere to common usage is displayed for example the first speaker uses the status spread over in place of being looked for by law though the word cake could be found in the dictionary, its definition would be entirely different from what the speaker uses it to mean.Hallidays intimation is that an anti-language is born out of the speakers desire to withdrawnness themselves from accepted society. Though this would be difficult to prove of the speakers, it would be likely considering ideas of youth rebellion alongside the fact that most speakers of this for m of slang are of the younger generation.Were MEYD to be considered an anti-language this would be hugely relevant to my study. As anti-language demonstrates a desire to be distanced from the norm, it is frequently linked with criminality and rebellious behaviour this is not helped by the air of secrecy that surrounds anti-language making it difficult for non-users to on a lower floorstand.Lexis (Speaker 1/Very strong slang)The first speaker uses more slang words than any of the other speakers, for this reason, he can be seen as an example of very strong slang. However, to gain a in force(p) understanding of the slang he uses, it is necessary to read the lexis he uses.The first non-standard word used is the concrete noun crib. The word originates from Northern America, initially implication a disreputable bar or brothel. Since the mid(prenominal) nineteenth century amelioration has occurred and it is used simply to mean home. However, it is unperturbed mildly associated with cr iminality .The next word innit, is an abbreviation of isnt it. The word is not link up to a question but used as a filler or hedge that backs up as a rhetorical device. By apply the term innit at the end of a sentence the speaker asks a rhetorical question. Though the question does not necessarily have to be answered it up to now seems to be intended to engage the receivers attention. Though using the word, the receiver has directly been addressed and therefore brought further into the conversation. Despite its rhetorical advantages it is possible that from a prescriptivist heighten of view, the shortening may be perceived as a result of the speakers laziness.The first speaker also uses the term mans which though not strictly lexical slang is nonetheless noteworthy. It is highly probable that the term mans derives from an overextension of the standard rules of pluralisation by people to whom English isnt 1st Language. The regular rules of pluralisation have been applied to the irregular plural men. Though the word mans would seem the most logical plural to apply it is grammatically incorrect as men is a plural convention noun and thus it is highly likely judgements would be made on intelligence and education.The attributive adjective hot is used to mean wanted by police. The term has British origins and was initially used by thieves to describe stolen goods around the time of 1925. Broadening of the term has since occurred and not lone(prenominal) objects but also people can be described as hot, this is demonstrated by the use of the adjective in prolongation to a person. It is not hard to see how the origins of the term may increase peoples likelihood to assume criminality in the speaker. The word cake serves as a synonym to hot.It is also notable that with the speakers use of slang he is unlikely to be viewed as well spoken and this may be judged to be of low intelligence. Alongside this, if we accept the suggestion of MEYD as a type of anti-languag e the speaker may be deemed as rebellious or associated with criminality.Lexis (Speaker 2/Strong slang)The second speaker does not use as much slang as the first however it is still necessary to have a familiarity with the vocabulary he uses to gain a full understanding of his speech. He can for this reason be seen as an example of strong slang.He uses the verbal phrase tripping out which originates from 1970s slang. The initial term being Acid Trip which described a hallucinogenic experience caused by LSD. The verbal phrase originated from this and broadened to mean being under the influence of any type of drug and later to simply mean acting crazy or funny. Regardless of the effect of broadening many people still take the phrase to mean being under the influence of drugs and thus may associate the speaker with drug use.As with the first speaker, the word cake is used and one would assume similar effects to arise. Though it is notable that the word simply appears in a list of slang words the speaker has heard and so the effects may not be as extreme.The adjective revved has complex origins. Its original form was the abstract noun revolutions. The noun was used in reference to a cars revolutions and abbreviated to rev for ease of use. From this use the verb to rev was created via conversion and to rev a car meant to force the engine to produce revs. From this the passive stative verb form to be revved was used in reference to being excited, in this sense the word is a metaphor comparing the excited state of a person with a car producing several revolutions allowing it to go faster. The adjective revved finally derived from this. The term however can also be used to mean under the influence of drugs and as a result it is possible that speakers may again associate the speaker with drug culture.As with the first speaker, it is again possible that the second user of slang will be deemed as not very well spoken and possibly unintelligent or uneducated simply for hi s using slang. It is also noticeable that he says you in place of youre, this deviation from the standard derives from the Jamaican Creole but its grammatical incorrectness is again likely to train listeners deem the speaker unintelligent regardless of his genuine attributes.Lexis (Speaker 3/Weak slang)Unlike the first two speakers, no knowledge of slang or MEYD is compulsory to understand the third speaker. Though slang is used, it is applied within the context of discussing slang terms. The speaker also does not use several features that are common in MEYD such as rhythmic pronunciation or loan words from ethnic minorities. The language used by the speaker fits more into the family unit of Estuary English (EE) than it does MEYD. Due to these features I have chosen to use this speaker as an example of Weak Slang.The speaker uses the term busted but in the sentence I wouldnt say busted thus denying any links with the word.Another word used is bun which was initially meant tart or convert. The adjective is English in origin and entered mainstream usage in the late nineteenth century.The speaker also talks about the attributive adjective butters that heart ugly. It is most likely of UK origin and probably derives from clipping the phrase butt-ugly. The adjectives meaning has also broadened so that it can be used to refer to anything that causes aesthetic displeasure while previously it could only be used in reference to people.The term minging is an converted adjective from the derogatory noun minger that derives from the Scottish phrase ming meaning stink.The specific lexis of the speakers vocabulary does not hold negative connotations. It is, however, possible that due to the fact all slang used by the speaker is in some way derogatory, judgements may be made on her friendliness. It is also possible that through using slang the speaker may be deemed severely spoken or unintelligentLexis (Speaker 4/No Slang)The final speaker uses no slang and is simply i n this study to act a control which should enable me to determine the extent the data gained from the questionnaires is due to slang.ResultsWith shocking regularity, the results followed a distinct pattern. On almost all categories the two speakers of strong slang are rated very poorly (the speaker of very strong slang coming lowest) followed by the speaker of weak slang, who tends to fair comparatively well in peoples judgements. With no exception at all, the speaker who does not use slang is seen by people as the least aggressive, most educated, most friendly, hardest working, most intelligent and scoop spoken. 60% of people said the non-slang user was highly likely to develop a successful career compared to the very strong-slang speaker, who was deemed highly likely to fail a job interview by 70%.If we take an average score of each participant, inversing the characteristics seen as negative (so a score of 4 on trespass would be calculated as a 1) we can see how well each speake r is perceived to conform to the idea of a good and prolific member of society. Looking at this good citizen rating, we see the same pattern emergeAgain, a direct correlation is visible between how favourably the speaker is looked upon and the degree of slang they use.ConclusionsWe can confidently assert that in this study there is an evident relationship between slang usage and the judgements made of singulars. However, an enkindle question is whether the specific lexical items used have a direct relationship with the judgments made. If we look back to the previous analysis of the speakers vocabulary, and assume that specific lexical items do have a relationship with the judgements made, we would be led to believe the very strong slang speaker would come out worst in all categories, with the exception of likelihood to take drugs which would be dominated by the strong slang speaker.Interestingly this is exactly the case. The likelihood to take drugs category is the only exception to the general principle that the very strong slang user is judged least favourable.The data collected would lead us to believe thatSlang is in fact an anti-language, or at least perceived as one.This is reflected by the fact that the stronger speakers of slang were judged to not conform to the notion of good citizenship.Users of slang are judged more negatively than non-users of slang. The more slang is used, the more negative the judgements.This is demonstrated in the consistent pattern of the results with the strongest slang user being judged worst, and the non-slang user being judged best.Judgements made on slang speakers have a direct relationship with the specific lexical items used.This is suggested in the strong slang speaker (who used slang derived from drug culture) being judged more likely to take drugs than the very strong slang speaker.EvaluationIn any investigation, an inquiring mind is necessary, and for this reason there are several issues of validity that we must d iscuss.Our only evidence for suggesting that specific lexical items impact the judgements made is that the strong slang speaker was judged higher than the very strong slang speaker in his likelihood to take drugs. However, the strong slang speaker is not judged particularly higher than the very strong slang speaker thus we cannot completely assert that it is indefinitely due to his specific vocabulary, although we can speculate. Were the suggestion correct, only a small difference would be expected, as judgement on specific lexical items requires participants to have knowledge of slang used and it is unlikely that they all would.The results do not hold infinite validity, and there are undoubtedly extraneous variables however they are consistent, though we cannot completely label the results as coming from the suggested cause One could potentially put the results wad to people judging the two females higher or judging the two northerners lower. But this would still not answer the qu estion as to why participants rated the individual females or northerners in the order they did with such consistently.One alternative explanation is that there was an apparent correlation between the class speakers were judged to be, and the participants perception of these speakers (the lower the speakers class, the worse they were judged) The class measurement was, however, simply a judgement made of the speakers, not an actual measurement, and so one would have to explain why the speakers were judged to be the class they were, which seems to take us full circle, and back to their usage of slang as an explanation.While the results do not prove the hypothesis, they undoubtedly suggest it. To know the hypothesis results for sure, further study would be needed.