Care Plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Care Plan - Assignment ExampleThe patient is before long receiving treatment on these and has suffered bouts of pain. The treatment received by the patient relates to hypercholesterolemia, hypertension and gout. Hypercholesterolemia according to question is a condition that comes because of autosomal recessive hypercholesterolemia gene attached to the chromosomes of a human beingness undergoing mutations (Ashton, 2012). The fact that the patient admits to alcoholism contributes to the factors that could complicate the medication process and the side effects of the medicines. Based on the above, the symptoms are being treated and the diagnosis received treated as per the earlier prescriptions made by the doctors.The diagnostic test carried out included the following specimen comprehensive Metabolic Panel, Cardiac Enzymes, and urinalysis, CT scan around the abdomen, chest x-ray esophagastroduodenoscopy, serum, urea breath test and fecal antigen test. These aimed at analyzing the pr ove to identify the state of their health over the previous condition.According to the patient, some aspects required pedagogy to light them on how to go about their condition to supplement treatment. The education aspects aim at improving the chances of in(predicate) treatment through compliance of the medication. The education will include the aspects of diet modification that would include cut purine content in foods. Based on the nutritional studies present, the body produces its own purines and the addition of the content in foods could affect the patients treatment program (Zacas & Wolinsky, 2004). The reduction in these purine rich foods will help the patient with the withstand of gout symptoms and the blood pressure levels registered.The patient will also require training or education in the reduction or control of stress levels to avoid increasing the effects of stress on the medications and treatment plan. Other educational aspects encouraged

Case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 29

Case Study causeIn addition, he went ahead to develop diversification strategies which saw the bookstore increase its stock to imply magazines, scratch cards, music tapes, VHS videotapes, CDs, DVDs, and greeting cards. His movements from one location to other were necessitated by circumstances but his avocation continued to grow. He began the business alone developed it to level of having a part-time employee to help him and in the long run ended hiring a full time staff. Tim is planning to put one across Page ii move to a new building owned by Bob Turner. The owner has the good will to allow him have the building but he has to make a decision before an upcoming competitor tam-o-shanters Treasures takes it up.The approach taken by Page Two has pros and cons. The choice of products is quite adequate. Since the bring inion of a diversification strategy, the bookstore has been on a positive path to profitability. The buyers of books be at a topographic point of finding other t hings that they can relate to such as the videotapes among others. Apart from the products serving as another income generator, they play a critical role in marketing other products. This means that the traffic in the store increases which implies that more people will be attracted there. The products are also interrelated it is likely that a customer may prefer an audio book as opposed to a print one, such can easily be found in the store. There is a high degree of complementarity of the products that are offered in the stall.An appropriate location is important for a vibrant business. Tim should consider the new location despite it being more expensive. The new location provides a spectacular opportunity for Page Two to adopt a new face. In addition, taking up the new location will restrict the competitor, tammys Treasures from taking up the premises. As a marketing strategy that would ensure that Page Twos brand is strengthened Tim can think of

PAYING FOR FAILURE AT AIG Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

PAYING FOR FAILURE AT AIG - Essay Example2. Yes, the decisiveness of honour the executives was a wrong or a failure decision, as they were the ones that took the comp each to this stage. It was non necessary for AIG to check those executive who were not doing well to the company. Instead of rewarding them, they should have been fired and the company should have recruited more qualified, able and committed staff that had the experience of corporate crisis management and could help company to come egress of the danger zone.3. Yes, had I been the president of AIG, I would have refused to pay incentivees to the current executive staff because they did not deserve it. Plus when the company is already incurring huge losses, rewarding them was a wrong decision to make. Moreover, rewards must always be given on the basis of sufficeance and in this case, they did not perform well. Rewards argon a sign of appreciation and encouragement for the employees. But rewarding employees when the company is already woefulness huge losses is not the right policy as this would discourage others who have worked hard. In this case, the employees who are being rewarded are the ones who are responsible for the current losses of the company, and few are those who have already left the company thus that showed that they were not even loyal to the organization.4. If I have received the bonus then I would have returned it because if I was one of those then I would know that I did not deserve to get a reward for doing nothing. I would have only accepted the reward later I could manage to get the company to come out of trouble, before that, I think I would have refused it.5. Government should only use tax revenue to help boost the economy so that eventually it could help the common tax payers. But using that money unfairly is not retributory to the tax payers and economy itself. Investing money somewhere that will not directly produce any benefit to the masses is

Art Critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Art Critique - Essay ExampleAlthough the miniature tea leaf kettles are not stringently geometric in form, they are set in such a way as to crystallise the most of their geometric attributes. For example, the artist has placed a column of tea kettles vertically aligned along the bottom right edge of the put to emphasize their circumference. Another squat tea kettle is placed with its bottom attached to the back piece so as to emphasize its round opening at the top.This large piece stands vertically aligned on the wall like a misaligned small hot chocolate table. The artist works almost exclusively with found materials thus reflects the cast off detritus of social club at the same time that he presents these pieces as shining new. The eye is kept moving finished the piece thanks to strategic practice session of line. None of the straight lines created are permitted to exist in crosswise or vertical alignment with the exception of the underlying frame. Most angles are oriente d on the prejudice and interrupted in some way by a circle. The composition suggests a haphazard tea table complete with tea cups, saucers and kettles with a few cubes available here and there for a tincture of sweetener. However, the artist also plays with the aspects of dimension available in the medium, allowing some of these elements to protrude while others sink into the surface. This multi-dimensional piece thus encourages the level of activity and discussion one might expect to find at a tea party.Kai Bob Chengs Self-Portrait is an undated mixed media piece that attempts to convey something about the artists interpretation of himself. The image is presented in the traditional form of a portrait complete with an aged and ornate frame and a golden-colored background. Within this frame, and even partially overlapping it, is the seated figure of the artist. This figure is created with the use of paint, wires and other found objects. A set of letters is stenciled across the mid dle of the image

The role of the state in industrialization Essay

The role of the allege in industrialization - Essay ExampleBy developing a framework of analysis to break down telephone line systems, Whitley explained at length certain components of business systems and their interaction with institutions (Tempel, 2001, p. 43). Whitleys concept of national business systems has however been criticized often due to its weaknesses like portraying organizations as passive pawns which have little preference but to comply (Scott, cited in Tempel, 2001, p. 42). With the help of extensive research and discussion regarding why it is that business systems in many developed nations continue to diverge, many factors are unveiled. While a market driven onrush lays the foundation of employment systems in UK, fully developed vocational educational systems in France ensure high-pitched skill development and strict on-the-job training. Such pattern of allocating highly skilled workers even for the terminal jobs is not observed in UK. Germany, in contrast, p ractices the best system of economy wide vocational educational training. The rate of formal consultation is highest in European countries like Germany, Italy, and Sweden where employees are highly valued (Brewster and Larsen, 2000) in contrast to US or UK. As a result, there exists convergence of skills in contrast to polarisation of skills as has been reported in UK business leading to dead-end and low-skilled employment (Crouch, 1997, p. 372). German business has advantaged enormously from VET system which demands continuous retraining and up-skilling (Crouch, 1997, p. 372).

Annotated Bibliography Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Annotated Bibliography - Assignment ExampleIn this journal, the writer argues that there is no single physical composition that can perform better without a proper functioning department of human resource commission therefore it is important that the human resource managers cooperate.Elwood F. Holton II, James W. Trott, Jr. (1996). Trends Toward a Closer Integration of vocational Education and Human Resources Development, Journal of Vocational and Technical Education, Vol. 12, No. 2, p7.In this text, the writer describes the proposition of human resource victimization in detain and explains all the issues involved for its success, as hale as describing its importance to an organization as a whole.In this journal, we find that the writer describes human resource development in detail and then goes ahead to explain how it supports the sharing of knowledge in an organization, as well as the workforce.This journal discusses the issue of integrated managerial training in detail, and explains how it greatly helps or eventide how it is strategic for the development of management in an organization or company.In this book, the writers try to give the readers a clear understanding of the importance of human resources and its performance, and then describe the benefits that an organization can get from a well structured department of human resources.In this book, the writers try to describe in detail how a typical department of human resources should look like and goes ahead to explain the different components of the department and its leadership.The writer, in this article explains what a human resource management is and discusses the international human resource management comprehensively, which accommodate integrating people, process and context.Budhwar, P. S., Schuler R. S. and Sparrow P.R. (eds.) (2009). Major works in international human resource management. Volumes

Is Ham correct that the connection between science and naturalism is Movie Review

Is ham it up correct that the connection between science and naive realism is arbitrary - Movie Review Example gammon promotes the view that evolutionists be at fault because they outlaw what is talismanic and beyond explanation. They claim that anything which cannot be proven by science is unbelievable. This is how they deny the presence of super naturalism in this world. There are many supernatural causes which cannot be explained by science, but that does not mean they are not real. Science rules out supernatural causes because it is a field which nurtures on the food of observations. However, anything not apparent like historical science should be separated from the science that is observable. How can Billy Nye claim that the public is 4.5 billion years old without being present through the course of billions of years to observe bingle species evolve from another? This suggests that speculation forms the bedrock of evolution which is quite ironical since Nye seems to champ ion the importance of observations and science. Hams belief that the connection between science and naturalism is arbitrary also seems to be support by Ziman (1968) who argued that science should be distinguished from pseudoscience. Scientific method is based on observations and that makes science, but pseudoscience is single a collection of beliefs and speculations thought to be based on scientific method. Thagard (1978) also argues that science should be separated from pseudoscience. There is a wide popularity of pseudoscience presently which should be condemned.The relationship between science and naturalism is also man-made or arbitrary because confirmations for any theory or philosophy can be found anywhere. This means that the relationship between science and naturalism is not based on few concrete system, rather it is arbitrary. It is easy to obtain confirmations, or verifications, for nearly every theory (Popper 1957). Both Ham and Nye have worked for years to make the com plex subject of origins understandable to the world. However, despite

Prepare a consultants report for the Schwab Case Essay

Prep be a consultants report for the Schwab Case - Essay ExampleThis report contains the strategic audit of Charles Schwab and Company. The Instruments used are swot up analysis and SWOT matrix. Analysis of the companys position has been under get wordn. Different technology models have besides been applied in order to undertake the analysis of the technology practices in the company. In the end suggestions and recommendations are presented in order to improve the competitive position of the Company.The dodge of a company requires constant updating. With the ever-changing conditions of securities industry and industry it is important for an organization to keep its strategy in tact with the changing environment. An prohibited dated strategy cannot fulfil the needs of todays global environment. In order to go through the updating process the organizations should carry on an audit to analyze which aspect requires improvement. It also specifies what strategy is necessary to support the business operations, the information people use currently and the gaps in these functions and the business goals.By assessing the knowledge possessed by an organization about its competitors and market environment the mangers can effectively take decisions in order to find the most feasible way for their businesses to maximize profits and improve market share. It is also important to calculate the extent to which change needs to be introduced to the organization. Although the identification of the problem is a big issue but the finding a solution making sense with business military personnel is the main purpose of change in the organization.Back in 1970 Alvin Toffler in Future Shock (Toffler, A. 1970) describes a trend towards accelerating rates of change. He illustrated how social and technological norms had shorter life spans with each generation, and he questioned societys ability to roll in the hay with the resulting turmoil and anxiety.In the volatile business environment of the 21st century the most important need of todays

MOVIE SHAINE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

painting SHAINE - Essay ExampleProducers began to scramble in order to get the rights to fill the movie magnetic variation of the movie. simply this paper is not about the way producers came into possession of the literary work. Nor is this about the history of the author and his uptake for the book. Rather, this paper is all about the comparison and differences that exist amid the book and charge versions of the story. The basic premise of the book and the movie does not stray from the original formula that was written by Jack Shaeffer. We materialize the briny story in both the book and movie centering upon the Starrett family. Together with some former(a) homesteaders, they find themselves universe trapped by a local cattle baron into surrendering their land to him as he slowly usurps property that is not his. The cattle baron is named Fletcher and he does not mind being at war with most of his neighbors over the cattle range that should have existed for all of them to b enefit from. The important character, Shane, comes into the story right smack in the middle of this war. While the conflict in the book takes gift mostly in the second one-half of the book, the film version, owing to time constraints and censorship considerations, found itself dissipated forwarding within minutes of the opening scene into the thick of the action. This is one of the main points that shows the difference between the book and the film. Whereas the book had enough time to flesh out the conflict and character development, the film had to slim such development points in lieu of screen time. The film, which was shot in 1953 did not leave everything to ones inclination as the novel did. Rather, Director George C. Stevens took great pains to re-create what was about to become the finest western film in Hollywood into reality on film. The cinematography matched the grandness of the verbal descriptions and looked quite true to livelihood in an era that did not have High Definition, Blu-Ray, or CGI technology to help polish its look. source description wise, the film differed from the book in such that the main character, Shane, first arrived at the Starret ranch, according to the novel, wearing an all Black outfit while he wore a Tan outfit in the film. fibre wise, the film also took the liberty of renaming some of the characters as in the case of the character of Bob in the book, who became Joey in the movie. The cattle baron who was named Fletcher in the book, became Rufus Ryker in the Hollywood version. While the book took its time in developing character relationships during the first half of the story, allowing the reader to come to a deeper understanding of the story and its main protagonists and antagonists, those who watch the film without having read the book will be treated to a different version of character development far from the original vision and intent of the writer. The movie, perhaps thinking it would make for a far more inter esting tale on screen found itself dealing with a feature storyline that allows for a rushed version of the back story between Shane and the family that took him in, and the action from the latter half of the movie that seems to be introduced within the first ten minutes of the film. This sense of screen time and film footage used is probably the reason why we find the characters doing things in the movie that were done by new(prenominal) people in the book. For example, Tory, who was supposed to be the one

Advertising Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 10

advert - Essay ExampleY come to the foreh are persons between the periods of 18 and 30. People falling under this age bracket are significantly attracted to digital euphony (Ferguson 43). Youth likes watching music, and are involved in downloading of popular tunes. Therefore, youth is the best target group that the advertisement will be aiming. Giving out purchase incentives in some of the Lindsay Ell music downloads is one of the best promotional strategies for viral Vinyl Records to recitation in marketing its music.At Viral Vinyl Records, the marketing department has understood trends prevailing at bottom the music market. The company has researched on the music industry history, current situation and major trends in the market. Therefore, Viral Vinyl has a clear picture on both the current and expected dynamics of music sales. The record company has done good analysis on the competition and also analyzed customers attitude towards genres like get laid, blues and rock music . This analysis has helped to identify target groups, especially when selecting on the proper strategies of make the selected groups. Viral Vinyl will conduct its advertisement processes through social media channels where there is a growing interest for Lindsay Ell music.Viral Vinyl Records target group is the music lovers, especially those who love rock, jazz and blues. The company is targeting social media followers and keeping them up to date on Lindsays activities, especially by ratting potential fans about the cities hosting live concerts. In order to understand what Lindsay fans expect, the company will encourage interactive sessions through social media. This way, Viral Vinyl Records will have a better strategy in marketing the music and attracting more customers to buy its tunes.The process of passing intended message to a targeted group, which in this case is the youth will be instrumental in facilitating achievement of

Letter from a Birmingham Jail Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Letter from a Birmingham cast out - Essay ExampleKing gave bits and pieces of the letter to his attorneys to take back to movements head office, where clergyman Walker started spueting together and editing the legendary jigsaw puzzle. Martin Luther Kings letter is a statement put out by eight white Birmingham clergymen on April 12, 1963, known as A Call for champion. King composed this letter in reply to that statement. The clergymen concurred that social unfairness existed in the United States, moreover argued that the fight against racial discrimination should be fought solitary(prenominal) in the courts, and not in the streets. The clergymen condemned Martin Luther King, referring to King as an interloper who creates problems in the streets of Birmingham. In reply to this, Martin Luther King referred to his principle that all states, as well as communities, were interconnected. King wrote that in beneficialice in any place is a threat to justice in every(prenominal) place. People atomic number 18 caught in an unavoidable system of mutuality, tied in one garment of fortune. match to King, whatever concerns a person directly, concerns everybody indirectly. He said this to prove to the clergymen that anybody who resides inside the United States cannot be interpreted as an outsider. Martin Luther wanted to show his regrets about the protests that were taking place in Birmingham. He, however, felt that the African American people had no choice but to protest due to the way they were being oppressed by the whites. The clergymen, nevertheless, condemned the massive tension caused by the protests. In reply to this, Martin Luther King affirmed that he confirming his fellow protestors were using undisturbed fulfils so as to create tension that would put pressure on the wider society to face the matter head on. The protestors hoped to cause tension (King, 462). They hoped to create a non-violent tension that would breaking wind to the development. This is as written down in Kings letter. King wanted to inform the clergymen that without peaceful forceful actions, proper civil rights could never be attained. The clergymen also condemned the timing of the protests. King, however, wanted to show the clergymen that they had waited colossal enough for these God given rights. Opposing the clergymens statement that the protest was against the law, King argued that not only was civil defiance justified in the face of undeserved laws but that everybody has a moral task of disobeying unfair laws. Luthers letter contains the famous statement that stated inequality at any slip is a threat to impartiality everywhere (King, 462). Some of the various topics that King was trying to convey argon direct actions, civil rights as well as discrimination. According to King, direct action is a just form of political activism which seeks to remedy political, social as well as economic ills. Direct action is often urgent and challenging. It can contain suc h activities as workplace occupations, strikes, sit-ins, guerrilla warfare, and demonstrations among others (King, 462). Direct actions are sometimes a form of civil defiance and can contain illegal actions, but it is for the pricey of a society. King also wanted to show to people that racial discrimination is an ill-mannered horticulture and that everybody deserved to be treated equally. Finally, Martin Luther King was against deprivation of civil rights to the American citizens especially the African Ameri

Atomic Energy Exercises Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Atomic Energy Exercises - identification ExampleAn approximation of the distance of separation for curve 2 appears to be bigger than that of curve 1 thus accounting for the smaller capacity than that of curve 1. The maximum amount of impression that is needed to grind the particles together is great in curve 1 than in curve 2. This is because the vector force that pulls particles towards severally other is inversely proportional to the fledge of the separation distance and directly proportional to the products of the two charges. deterrent example 2 There is immense proton repulsion between the protons within the nucleus because of the Coulombs law of nature electrostatic interactions. In this regard, the force that is exerted by the center protons towards the outer protons is inversely proportion to the protons square of the separation distance. The separation distance squared comes about because the force field of an isolated proton charge is reproducible towards all direc tions and becomes diluted with the separation distance just like the area of the centered sphere of the head word charge which increases as its radius increases. Case 3 For the incoming protons, their potential capacity is smaller compared to when they tip over the bottom pit in the center. From Coulombs law (f=kq1q2/r2), potential energy is the product of force and distance which is given by PE= kq1q2/r. This means that as the protons move from outside they are far apart(predicate) from each other hence remarkably little potential energy. When protons are in the center, the particles are scrawny to each other leading to a small separation distance thus a greater potential energy compared to that of incoming protons. Case 4 Binding energy is the mechanically required energy to disassemble an atom into nucleus and free electrons (Jones International University, 2011). Helium has a lower binding energy compared to beryllium and atomic number 26. This is because helium has an ato mic atomic pile of 2, beryllium has an atomic mass of 4, whereas iron has an atomic mass of 26. In this case, iron has the greatest binding energy because of its atomic mass that is larger than that of beryllium and helium. This is so because, from the periodic table (of elements), the elements with greater atomic mass have increasing binding energy than those with a small atomic mass up to elements that are heavier than xenon which do not obey this trend. This is out-of-pocket to the increasing nucleon force in the nucleus as an extra nucleon gets attracted to other nucleons making the nucleus to be tensely bound. On the other hand, the amount of energy needed to pull the nuclei together for a nettled bound is less for in an iron atom than the beryllium and helium atom. This is due to the fact that iron atom has a larger atomic mass than the helium and beryllium atoms. The larger the atomic mass, the more the energy levels of an atom and the less the energy needed to push the nucleus together for a tight bound. Case 5 Uranium 238 has 92 protons and 146 neutrons. Its binding energy can be given by a - b /A1/3 - cZ2/A4/3- d (N-Z) 2 /A2 e/A7/4. Where a = 14.0, b = 13.0, c = 0.585, d= 19.3, and e = 33. A is the number of nucleons, Z is the number of protons in the nucleus, and N is the number of neutrons in the nucleus. B.E/A = 14-13/2381/3- 0.585x922/2384/3 19.3 (146-92) 2/2382 33/2387/4 = 0.1614-3.357-0.9936 0.002288 =-4.1892

Fast Talking Dame Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

solid Talking Dame - image Review ExampleAt present, the theory of Fast Talking Dames has been restricted to some of TV shows only, in which women use verbal means of communication more than accomplishment scenes. Now a days the fiber of women in films is on the concept that she can do anything that a man can do. As in Salt, Angellina Jolie performed as leading character of the movie, which went after a traitor who charged her of working as a Russian spy. Similarly, in Colambiana, Zoe Saldana, who after watching the assassination of her parents, grew up as cold assassin. In twain of the movies quoted as example, the role played by female actresses is more masculine in nature.The concept of Fast Talking Dames has almost diminished in todays cinema. It can only be seen in some of the TV shows or in the movies of 1930s, 40s era. Moreover, the audience too, like to see the female actresses in action scenes rather than spending time in dialogues and lighter comic

U.S. Commercial Rayon Fiber Production Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

U.S. Commercial Rayon Fiber Production - Essay ExampleBut this artificial production of the fibers is secure a century old. It was in 1890s that the first artificial silk, which was nothing but rayon made its informant as a commercially produced fiber and it was in the family 1911 American Viscose Company, the first caller to pioneer artificial fiber production began producing rayon.2 Though the fiber revolution begun in later fractional of 19th century, its roots have got a beginning with the description on minute bodies in the earmark Micrographia by Robert Hooks in 1665.3 That humble beginning got translated into the production almost two centuries later and instanter this man made fiber production has reached up to 24 million ton. These artificial fibers have got its masking not only for apparel manufacturing but also for home furnishings, medicine and many others.4Rayon was first by artificial means produced fiber and was called as artificial silk. Developed in France b y Count Hilaire de Chardonnet, this fiber despite existence a man-made product is still not synthetic.5 Its production involves wood pulp which is a course occurring raw material. The basic nature of rayon is very much like naturally occurring fibers such as like or linen. The industry as of now produces four different types of rayon namely Regular rayon, High sloshed Modules (HWM) rayon, High Tenacity Rayon and Cupramonium Rayon. The production of these different types is due the use of two different chemicals and varying manufacturing techniques.6 The linked States at one time was the leading producer of rayon with companies like Viscose Co. and DuPont being the two largest producers in US. But as of now there is not even a single rayon manufacturer in United States.7 Rayon still forms a major part of total fiber consumption with companies mostly from europium and Asia are making it available to the customers.The production of rayon made its beginning in US in the year 1911. It was the American Viscose Company (A. V. C.) who started the

Virtual Reality Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

virtual(prenominal)(prenominal) Reality - Research Paper ExampleVirtual reality is turning out to be the division with many opposing viewpoints. It has become the focal point of discussion among the general public for several reasons. Conceivably, this is generally because of all the potentials which virtual reality develops (Hoffman, 2004). However, despite the disagreement this new technology has awakened, society should not halt dubious. Virtual reality if used in an optimistic way can bring a gigantic technological development.Military and space technology, the entertainment industry, and the physical sciences contributed to the drive to make advanced computers user friendly. Initially, tortuous simulators presented low-definition displays through binocular headsets. Addition of position sensors introduced motion parallax, with depth cues that created the illusion of being within a three-dimensional graphical display.The invention of a DataGlove, whose movements could be sen sed by the computer and then suppose in the display, enabled the observer and computer to interact with instructions given by the observer via simple turn over movements such as pointing. The overall effect was that the observer experienced a computer-generated artificial or virtual reality (VR), whose credibility depended largely on the agreement between the simulated imagery and the familiar sound world (Zimmer, 2004).Virtual reality applications are finding their way into the mainstream of society. Initially, the use of VR (virtual reality) was seen as valuable merely to scientists and engineers whose highly specialized needs more than overcame the poor quality of the computer generated 3D images. For example, scientists can remove in molecular research by moving within molecules to examine their structures. Doctors and other medical power can practice elaborate or dangerous procedures before attempting them on human subjects. With special imagination software, the

How is International Law Enforced Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 7500 words

How is world(prenominal) law Enforced - Thesis ExampleLaws are only as good as their ability to be enforced and in a decentralized world that is mangled apart by self-seeking interests and motives, enforcement of multinational laws seems a very tall order. This is evinced by the way the organs of the United Nations have behaved in the past, particularly the Security Council, which had difficulty arriving at consensus in resolving problems just because the chamber has, most of the time, become an extended arena of power struggle. Moreover, not only is the entire worldwide judicial and legal musical arrangement underpinned by the voluntary participation and submission of parties to the jurisdiction of these courts, but such(prenominal) courts seem impervious to private individuals and entities. The bottom line is that any difficulty in enforcing international law is caused by the lack of necessary support mechanism that is underpinned by the monopoly of legitimate force by a s ingular, supreme authority that exercises compulsory jurisdiction. N whiztheless, there is little chance that a more revolutionary system of enforcement could substitute the present along the lines of enforcement systems found in municipal laws considering that the nature of association of bring ups is based on voluntariness and respect for one anothers sovereignty. One has only to look back on what the Versailles conformity has brought to the world as a consequence. The enforcement of international law therefore, would have to continue relying largely on diplomacy, negotiation, state cooperation and third party proxy enforcement, among others unless there is compelling need to do otherwise. II. Fundamentals of International Law International law is commonly defined as a body of rules governing the relations of states. It is a legal system separate and opposed to the concepts of municipal law, domestic law, national law or familiar law allied to an association of human society com ing from various jurisdictions. One of the important and distinct features of international law is the breadth of its jurisdiction transcends political boundaries. Thus, international laws govern the conduct of the citizens of more than one country or the conduct of various states with one another on different areas such as economic, political or social (Fichtelberg 43 Ross 12). International law has various sources, but treaties and conventions form the patriarchal foundation of its realm. A treaty or convention is a voluntary agreement between or among several countries, which contain the terms and provisions of how such countries are to conduct themselves with respect to the subject of the agreement. Examples are the Treaty of Versailles, the Treaty of Paris and the European Convention Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (or ECHR). According to Article 38(1) of the International Court of Justice, aside from international conventions, the following also serve to guide its dete rmination of applicable international law international custom the general principles of law recognized and practiced by civilized states, and as subsidiary sources - judicial decisions, teachings of prominent international scholars (cited Malanczuk and Akehurst 36-37 Malone 5-6). The function

Malcomes final speech Essay Example for Free

Malcomes final livery EssayIn Malcomes final speech he describes brothel keeper Macbeth as a fiend like queen. Explain how far you think this translation of her is providedified dame Macbeth is a very essential character to the play. She is singly responsible for the most disaster and destruction throughout the play. She is very responsible because she is the one who talks to and persuades Macbeth. But she can non be purely seen as an abhorrence influence for she is a much more(prenominal) complex character then many would think. We commencement exercise see skirt Macbeth in act one, scene five when she is cultivation the letter that Macbeth sent her. When reading the letter, she reads it in an innocent dolllike voice that we will not see much of until later on in the script. As she calmly reads the letter you can see her s pitifully spir onlying towards the more evil black way.The letter is read as if he was writing it to his Dearest partner of greatness. He treats h er with a assign of respect as if she is an equal. This would seem to be very awkward to an auditory sense in the Shakespearean time for women were seen to be inferior to men. She decides on Macbeths behalf that they are to kill the King Duncan, without Macbeths approval.The only problem is that she thinks that Macbeth is too dependable of th milk of human kindness to commit such an evil task. She then thinks that she had the power to cook Macbeths mind like an evil conscience. This makes her more evil than seen so far for she is seen as an evil presence. Lady Macbeth feels that in order to commit the murderous task herself she will need to direct for help of evil ghosts and spirits to take her body and do the dirty deeds for her. She kindles strong sentences to unsex her and turn her evil. fill in to my womens breastsAnd take my milk for g both.In Shakespeares time the average person in the audience still believed in witches, evil sprits, potions and evil presences, so they would be scared as if it were real. The audience will likewise look at her in a very strange, different way for she is willing to give up all her femininity for a natural evil. She continues to make obscene comments to hell.Come thick night and pull theIn the dunnest smokes of hell.She says this because she wants not to be discovered for it will cost her life if she was discovered.For a stage production I would start with her sitting in darkness on a chair alone with the status dizzy on her. She would wear a white dress to promote her innocence. The background music would be slow, low and quiet in a solitary tune. As she starts to ponder evil thoughts, I would slowly crawling up in tempo and make all the notes more sinister. She would get up and keep her headroom down as she wanders around the stage reading the letter.As soon as she finishes reading the letter she will raise her head and start to whisper her lines to the audience making eye contact. The agilitys would be smu tty as she goes from side to side on the stage. She will get louder and louder until the servant walks in and after he leaves she will continue walking from side to side getting louder and louder until her husband enters and a red light will fade in as she explains the plot to Macbeth.The second time we see her is when she is at dinner acting sweet and innocent when at heart she is completely evil and filled with hate and gall. Duncan ironically and innocently speaks of sweet and good air which has a ironic relationship to Lady Macbeths earlier plagiarizeThe dunnest smokes of hellin the last scene.In Act 1, Scene 7 we see Lady Macbeth for the tertiary time. She is alone in the bedroom with Macbeth discussing their hidden sinister plan to kill king Duncan and steal his throne. In this scene we can see again how much influence on Macbeth, Lady Macbeth has. Macbeth decides that he wishes not to conduct in this evil scheme any further, but once again Lady Macbeth bend and twists Mac beths mind to see the opportinity the way she does. An audience would again be surprised to see a women winning more or little complete control over Macbeth. Her character would seem very virile and the power over Macbeth would seem to be some sort of witchs spell, again making her seem more evil than she really is.It would not be surprising to see lady Macbeth fall to even visit levels of murder and in justice for all her goodness and innocence has been completely corrupted by greed, thereof making her nothing more than a victim to her inner evil. Macbeth stands for shining goodness in that moment that he refuses to commit this disruption of the hierarchy for it would not only be a murderous crime, it would also mean that he has turned his back on his God, for the king was seen to be Gods representative on earth. Lady Macbeth uses blackmail to get him to obey her. She starts to accuse him of not loving her and not acting like a real man treats his wife. This is ironic, for sh e does not treat him as a real husband, but none the less she gets her way through these obscene accusations of him being a cowardAnd live a coward in thine own respectThe last time we see Lady Macbeth is in Act 5 Scene 1, after all planned has successfully happened. In this scene we can see how the aftermath of the killings has actually affected lady Macbeth. The scene begins with lady Macbeth being analysed by a doctor and his decision is that she is suffering mentally. Lady Macbeth is mentally scared and is sleepwalking in anguish. Lady Macbeth is constantantly rubbing and washing this certain spot in her thenar because she (and only she) can see a red damned spot of blood. She is conveying images of the murder and she is discourse of the killing of an old man ( King Duncan ).Who would have thought the oldman had so much blood in himThrough sleep walking and being nervous we can see that Lady Macbeth does have a conscious and is liable to greed instead of being this evil monst er which the audience has all seen before. The audience for the first time would start to understand and see that all the evil at heart her was evil spirits and the greed assigned to every human being. In this last scene with her, as she fall apart we can see all her greed and wickedness being stripped from her just leaving her an image of pure, innocent child like women. As Lady Macbeth becomes mentality ill and losings all her influence and greed it is as if Macbeth and his wife have swooped feelings and brains. Her obsession with a damned spot of blood which she cannot remove from her hand contrasts with her attitude to the blood after Duncans murder, when she saysA little water cleans us of this deedThe way an actress would perform this scene would be very different from the way she would act in Act 1 Scene. Her face would be pale and without make-up, and she would wear a white nightdress to suggest return to a vulnerable childlike state. Her voice would be frail and trembling, and some lines, such asThe Thane of Fife had a wifewould be spoken like child reciting a nursery rhyme.Referring back to the gloss question, I think that Lady Macbeth cannot be fully justified as a Fiend for she is a normal women who is corrupted by greed and I am sure that many people in the same situation would be very tempted to do something similar.

Hope by Emily Dickinson Essay Example for Free

apply by Emily Dickinson EssayCan you imagine lifetime with out hold?I think Emily Dickinson may have officed take to a split in her life and thats why she wrote this wonderful poem, to inspire those without believe to give them a locating from a beautiful bird that swear can change your life in any expression you dream it.I choose to analyze the famous poem hope by Emily Dickinson, Such an interest and mysterious poet she lived her entire life in Amherst, Massachusetts, only two of her poems where published in her life time, she died in 1886, she was neer married and live most of her life as a recluse. In this poem Dickinson uses imaginativeness and metaphors to describe, hope is the thing with square ups.Stanza OneIn the poem hope is the thing with feathers by Emily Dickinson, I beloved how Dickson compared the idea of hope as a bird or feather I think the feather symbolizes freedom as in with hope you can fly out-of-door and be free, it examines the ideas of hope as a free spirit. She uses an imaginary metaphor to describe why hope is the thing with feathers.In the first-year line she uses a bird to create a clear image of a free spirit, a bird flying freely reaching what invariably it wants, by utilise hope as a bird this metaphor is saying if you have hope you can fly to where ever it is you dream of. By giving hope feathers it gives the reader an idea or illusion of hope flying freely. By hope having feathers it is like a free home, flying to a new place.In the second line that says That perches in the soul I believe she means the hope comes from the spirit, from very deep refine in your heart. She is using another metaphor comparing a bird sitting on its perch, as our spirit is or where hope sits.In the third line where Dickinson speaks of singing a tune without words, that never stops at either, I see the song as being hope, that the bird is continuously singing its praise of hope sluice without knowing the words or the meaning o f the song, giving us all hope that even if we dont know the song or the words we too can sing a song of hope.Ending the first stanza with and never stops at all showing that this song is never ending and available to all, it never stops.Stanza TwoAnd sweetest in the gale is heard tells of the birds song as the sweetest of all songs, And unsanded must be the storm showing that when we unavoidableness hope the most, through the worst of lifes storms, we can still hear that sweet song of hope.In line seven Dickinson shows that without hope we could be crushed by the storm, again showing a metaphor. I believe it means that without hope you would be without wings, no way to soar above your conflicts or hope of escaping, without hope its like you have a broken wing and cannot fly anywhere.The antagonist of the poem is the one who could abash the little bird, taking away all hope, representing problems of the world the negativity, stress, financial, relationship difficultys of eitherda y life, being the hammer bearing down on us, causing pain and discomfort.In line eight that says That kept so many straightaway means that hope has brought people through a lot of things, through the cold and hurtful times. Hope is like a blanket in the winter you need it to stay warm without it you will debar to death.Stanza ThreeBy Dickinson saying Ive heard it in the chilliest lands I see this as provided another reason to have hope and that hope is obtainable in even the chilliest of lands, continuing with And on the strangest sea that hope can reach any distance.As Dickinson ends her poem with Yet, never, in extremity, it asked a nates of me. Dickinson shows us hope is free it doesnt coast a thing, that it comes from within, not at a put in or a mall, hope is what you make it, it dose not run away from you, its there when ever you need or want it, you dont need money to use it, all you need is the right mind set then you can just take it out of your pocket and use it whene ver you need it, its that simple.As you can see hope is the only thing you need, fear is the opposite. Hope doesnt cost anything, all you need is a little faith and all your dreams will come true, hope is a free gift so why not use it all(prenominal) second of every day. Hope is apply in even the saddest places to make them happier. The poorest person with hope is happier than the richest without hope. Some of the richest people used hope to get where they are now with just a little bit of faith and hope, that is all you will ever need in life, because it provides you with everything you will ever need.Hope exists for everyone there is not single that cant use hope. I use hope everyday and Im exceedingly happy. If you have hope you can fly to your dreams in life, for example when we were all little someone asked us what we wanted to be when we grow up and no matter what that kid said he or she didnt have a doubt in their mind that they were not going to be what they dream but as we get older we start to loose hope and focus more on reality. But the Dickinson shows us how to escape reality and dream a little. I think every one should use hope and read hope is the thing with feathers because it may cause you to see hope every day of your life and change your life forever.

African American Culture Essay Example for Free

African American Culture EssayAfrican American goal in the unify States accommodates the various heathen customs of African ethnic groups. It is twain part of and transp atomic number 18nt from American nicety. The U. S. Census Bureau defines African Americans as people having origins in any of the fatal run away groups of Africa. 1 African American stopping point is indigenous to the descendants in the U. S. of survivors of the Middle Passage. It is rooted in Africa and is an dental amalgam of chiefly sub-Saharan African and Sahelean cultures. Although striverry greatly restricted the ability of Africans in America to coif their cultural traditions, legion(predicate) practices, values and beliefs survived and over time pick out incorporated elements of European American culture. at that give ar even certain facets of African American culture that were brought into being or do more(prenominal) freehanded as a result of slavery an example of this is how drumm ing became pulmonary tuberculosisd as a means of communication and establishing a familiarity identity during that time. The result is a dynamic, creative culture that has had and continues to have a profound impact on mainstream American culture and on populace culture as soundly.After Emancipation, these uniquely African American traditions go on to grow. They developed into typical traditions in euphony, art, literature, devotion, food, holi daytimes, amongst separates. mend for about time sociologists, such as Gunnar Myrdal and Patrick Moynihan, believed that African Americans had lost most cultural ties with Africa, anthropological field interrogation by Melville Hersovits and others demonstrated that thither is a continuum of African traditions among Africans in the parvenue World from the West Indies to the United States.The greatest influence of African cultural practices on European cultures is found below the Mason-Dixon in the south United States, especi whollyy in the Carolinas among the Gullah people and in Louisiana. African American culture ofttimes developed separately from mainstream American culture because of African Americans desire to practice their own traditions, as well as the persistence of racial segregation in America. Consequently African American culture has become a significant part of American culture and yet, at the same time, breathes a distinct culture apart from it.History From the early days of slavery, slave owners sought to exercise control over their slaves by attempting to strip them of their African culture. The physical isolation and societal marginalization of African slaves and, later, of their free progeny, how invariably, actually facilitated the computer memory of significant elements of tralatitious culture among Africans in the New World generally, and in the U. S. in particular. Slave owners deliberately tried to repress political organization in order to deal with the galore(postnominal) slave rebellions that took place in the southern United States, Brazil, Haiti, and the Dutch Guyanas.African cultures,slavery,slave rebellions,and the civil rights movements(circa 1800s-160s)have shaped African American religious, familial, political and economic behaviors. The imprint of Africa is evident in unnumberable ways, in politics, economics, language, music, hairstyles, fashion, spring, religion and worldview, and food preparation methods. In the United States, the very legislation that was designed to strip slaves of culture and deny them education served in many another(prenominal) ways to strengthen it.In turn, African American culture has had a pervasive, transformative impact on myriad elements of mainstream American culture, among them language, music, dance, religion, cuisine, and agriculture. This process of mutual creative exchange is called creolization. Over time, the culture of African slaves and their descendants has been register in its impact on not onl y the dominant American culture, but on world culture as well. Oral tradition Slaveholders limited or prohibited education of enslaved African Americans because they believed it major power lead to revolts or escape plans.Hence, African-based literal traditions became the primary means of preserving history, morals, and other cultural information among the people. This was tenacious with the griot practices of oral history in many African and other cultures that did not rely on the indite word. Many of these cultural elements have been passed from generation to generation finished storytelling. The folktales provided African Americans the opportunity to inspire and get rid of aim one another. Examples of African American folktales include trickster tales of Brer Rabbit and heroic tales such as that of tooshie Henry.The Uncle Remus stories by Joel Chandler Harris helped to bring African American folk tales into mainstream adoption. Harris did not appreciate the complexity of the stories nor their potential for a lasting impact on society. Characteristics of the African American oral tradition present themselves in a number of forms. African American preachers tend to perform preferably than simply speak. The emotion of the subject is carried through the speakers tone, volume, and movement, which tend to mirror the rising action, climax, and descending action of the sermon.Often song, dance, verse and structured pauses ar set(p) throughout the sermon. Techniques such as call-and-response are used to bring the audience into the presentation. In direct tell to recent tradition in other American and westward cultures, it is an acceptable and common audience reply to interrupt and affirm the speaker. Spoken word is another example of how the African American oral tradition influences unexampled American popular culture. Spoken word artists employ the same techniques as African American preachers including movement, rhythm, and audience participation.Ra p music from the 1980s and beyond has been seen as an extension of oral culture. Harlem uncanny conversion pic Zora Neale Hurston was a prominent literary figure during the Harlem Renaissance. Main article Harlem Renaissance The first major public realisation of African American culture occurred during the Harlem Renaissance. In the 1920s and 1930s, African American music, literature, and art gained wide notice. Authors such as Zora Neale Hurston and Nella Larsen and poets such as Langston Hughes, Claude McKay, and Countee Cullen wrote flora describing the African American experience. hint, swing, blues and other musical forms entered American popular music. African American artists such as William H. Johnson and Palmer Hayden created unique works of art featuring African Americans. The Harlem Renaissance was to a fault a time of increased political involvement for African Americans. Among the notable African American political movements founded in the early 20th century are th e United Negro Improvement knowledge and the acresal Association for the Advancement of Colored People.The Nation of Islam, a notable Islamic religious movement, excessively began in the early 1930s. African American cultural movement The depressed Power movement of the mid-sixties and 1970s followed in the wake of the non-violent American Civil Rights front man. The movement promoted racial pride and ethnic cohesion in contrast to the focalize on integration of the Civil Rights Movement, and select a more war-ridden posture in the face of racism. It in addition inspired a tender renaissance in African American literary and artistic stockpileion generally referred to as the African American or low Arts Movement. The works of popular recording artists such as Nina Simone (Young, Gifted and Black) and The Impressions (Keep On Pushin), as well as the poetry, fine arts and literature of the time, shaped and reflected the growing racial and political consciousness. Among t he most prominent writers of the African American Arts Movement were poet Nikki Giovanni poet and publisher Don L. Lee, who later became known as Haki Madhubuti poet and dramatist Leroi Jones, later known as Amiri Baraka and Sonia Sanchez. different influential writers were Ed Bullins, Dudley Randall, Mari Evans, June Jordan, Larry Neal and Ahmos Zu-Bolton.Another major aspect of the African American Arts Movement was the infusion of the African aesthetic, a return to a collective cultural sensibility and ethnic pride that was much in evidence during the Harlem Renaissance and in the celebration of Negritude among the artistic and literary circles in the U. S. , Caribbean and the African continent nearly four decades earlier the idea that black is beautiful. During this time, there was a resurgence of interest in, and an embrace of, elements of African culture within African American culture that had been suppressed or devalued to conform to Eurocentric America.Natural hairstyles, such as the afro, and African textileing, such as the dashiki, gained popularity. More importantly, the African American aesthetic encouraged personal pride and political awareness among African Americans. Music pic Men playing the djembe, a traditional West African drum adopted into African American and American culture. The bags and the clothing of the man on the right are printed with traditional kente cloth patterns. African American music is rooted in the typically polyrhythmic music of the ethnic groups of Africa, specifically those in the Western, Sahelean, and Sub-Saharan regions.African oral traditions, nurtured in slavery, encouraged the use of music to pass on history, initiate lessons, ease suffering, and relay messages. The African pedigree of African American music is evident in both(prenominal) common elements call and response, syncopation, percussion, improvisation, swung notes, blue notes, the use of falsetto, melisma, and complex multi-part harmony. During sl avery, Africans in America blended traditional European hymns with African elements to create spirituals. Many African Americans sing stand up Evry Voice and Sing in asset to the American national anthem, The Star-Spangled Banner, or in lieu of it.Written by James Weldon Johnson and John Rosamond Johnson in 1900 to be performed for the birthday of Abraham Lincoln, the song was, and continues to be, a popular way for African Americans to recall past struggles and express ethnic solidarity, faith and hope for the future. The song was adopted as the Negro National Anthem by the NAACP in 1919. African American children are taught the song at school, church or by their families. Lift Evry Voice and Sing traditionally is sung immediately following, or instead of, The Star-Spangled Banner at events hosted by African American churches, schools, and other organizations.In the 1800s, as the result of the blackface minstrel show, African American music entered mainstream American society. By the early twentieth century, several(prenominal) musical forms with origins in the African American community had transformed American popular music.Aided by the technological innovations of radio and phonograph records, ragtime, jazz, blues, and swing also became popular overseas, and the 1920s became known as the Jazz Age. The early 20th century also power saw the creation of the first African American Broadway shows, films such as King Vidors Hallelujah, and operas such as George Gershwins scup and Bess. Rock and roll, doo wop, sense, and RB developed in the mid 20th century.These genres became very popular in ashen audiences and were influences for other genres such as surf. The dozens, an urban African American tradition of using rhyming suck up to put down your enemies (or friends) developed through the smart-ass street jive of the early Seventies into a new form of music. In the South Bronx, the half speaking, half singing rhythmic street talk of rapping grew into the enormously successful cultural force known as Hip Hop.Hip Hop would become a multicultural movement. However, it is still important to many African Americans. The African American Cultural Movement of the sixties and 1970s also fueled the growth of funk and later coxa-hop forms such as rap, hip house, new jack swing and go go. African American music has experienced far more widespread acceptance in American popular music in the 21st century than ever before. In addition to continuing to develop newer musical forms, modern artists have also started a rebirth of older genres in the form of genres such as neo soul and modern funk-inspired groups. dance picThe dance was the first African American dance to gain widespread popularity in the United States. pic African American dance, like other aspects of African American culture, finds its earliest roots in the dances of the hundreds of African ethnic groups that made up African slaves in the Americas as well as influences from Europe an sources in the United States. Dance in the African tradition, and thus in the tradition of slaves, was a part of both every day flavor and special occasions. Many of these traditions such as get down, ring shouts, and other elements of African luggage compartment language survive as elements of modern dance.In the 1800s, African American dance began to appear in minstrel shows. These shows a lot presented African Americans as caricatures for ridicule to large audiences. The first African American dance to become popular with duster dancers was the cakewalk in 1891. Later dances to follow in this tradition include the Charleston, the Lindy Hop, and the Jitterbug. During the Harlem Renaissance, all African American Broadway shows such as Shuffle Along helped to establish and permit African American dancers.African American dance forms such as tap, a combination of African and European influences, gained widespread popularity thanks to dancers such as Bill Robinson and were use d by leading White choreographers who often hired African American dancers. Contemporary African American dance is descended from these earlier forms and also draws influence from African and Caribbean dance forms. Groups such as the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater have continued to contribute to the growth of this form. new-fashioned popular dance in America is also greatly influenced by African American dance.American popular dance has also drawn many influences from African American dance most notably in the hip hop genre. Art pic Sand Dunes at Sunset, Atlantic City by Henry Ossawa Tanner 1859-1937 From its early origins in slave communities, through the end of the twentieth century, African-American art has made a vital contribution to the art of the United States. During the period amidst the 1600s and the early 1800s, art took the form of small drums, quilts, wrought-iron figures and ceramic vessels in the southern United States. These artifacts have similarities with co mparable crafts in West and Central Africa.In contrast, African American artisans like the New Englandbased engraver Scipio Moor star and the Baltimore personation painter Joshua Johnson created art that was conceived in a thoroughly western European fashion. During the 1800s, Harriet Powers made quilts in bucolic Georgia, United States that are now considered among the finest examples of nineteenth-century Southern quilting. Later in the 20th century, the women of Gees crease developed a distinctive, bold, and sophisticated quilting style based on traditional African American quilts with a geometric simpli city that developed separately but was like that of Amish quilts and modern art.After the American Civil War, museums and galleries began more frequently to display the work of African American artists. Cultural expression in mainstream venues was still limited by the dominant European aesthetic and by racial prejudice. To increase the profile of their work, many African Amer ican artists traveled to Europe where they had greater freedom. It was not until the Harlem Renaissance that more whites began to have attention to African American art in America. pic Kara Walker, Cut, Cut paper and adhesive on wall, brent Sikkema NYC.During the 1920s, artists such as Raymond Barthe, Aaron Douglas, Augusta Savage, and photographer James Van Der Zee became well known for their work. During the nifty Depression, new opportunities arose for these and other African American artists under the WPA. In later years, other programs and institutions, such as the New York City-based Harmon Foundation, helped to foster African American artistic talent. Augusta Savage, Elizabeth Catlett, Lois Mailou Jones, Romare Bearden, Jacob Lawrence and others exhibited in museums and juried art shows, and built reputations and followings for themselves.In the 1950s and 1960s, there were very few astray accepted African American artists. Despite this, The Highwaymen, a loose association of 27 African American artists from Ft. Pierce, Florida, created idyllic, quickly realized images of the Florida landscape and peddled some 50,000 of them from the drawers of their cars. They sold their art directly to the public rather than through galleries and art agents, thus receiving the name The Highwaymen. Rediscovered in the mid-1990s, today they are recognized as an important part of American folk history.Their ar devilrk is widely collected by enthusiasts and original pieces can easily fetch thousands of dollars in auctions and sales. The Black Arts Movement of the 1960s and 1970s was another period of resurgent interest in African American art. During this period, several African-American artists gained national prominence, among them Lou Stovall, Ed Love, Charles White, and Jeff Donaldson. Donaldson and a group of African-American artists formed the Afrocentric collective AFRICOBRA, which remains in existence today.The sculptor Martin Puryear, whose work has been accla imed for years, is being honored with a 30-year retrospective of his work at the Museum of Modern Art in New York starting November 2007. Notable contemporary African American artists include David Hammons, Eugene J. Martin, Charles Tolliver, and Kara Walker. writings pic Langston Hughes, a notable African American poet of the Harlem Renaissance. African American literature has its roots in the oral traditions of African slaves in America. The slaves used stories and fables in much the same way as they used music.These stories influenced the earliest African American writers and poets in the 18thcentury such as Phillis Wheatley and Olaudah Equiano. These authors reached early high points by telling slave narratives. During the early 20th century Harlem Renaissance, legion(predicate) authors and poets, such as Langston Hughes, W. E. B. Dubois, and Booker T. Washington, grappled with how to respond to discrimination in America. Authors during the Civil Rights era, such as Richard Wr ight, James Baldwin and Gwendolyn Brooks wrote about issues of racial segregation, oppression and other aspects of African American life.This tradition continues today with authors who have been accepted as an integral part of American literature, with works such as Roots The Saga of an American Family by Alex Haley, The Color Purple by Alice Walker, and Beloved by Nobel Prize-winning Toni Morrison, and series by Octavia Butler and Walter Mosley that have achieved both best-selling and/or award-winning status. Museums The African American Museum Movement emerged during the 1950s and 1960s to preserve the heritage of the African American experience and to ensure its beseeming interpretation in American history.Museums devoted to African American history are found in many African American neighborhoods. Institutions such as the African American Museum and Library at Oakland and The African American Museum in Cleveland were created by African Americans to teach and investigate cultura l history that, until recent decades was primarily preserved trough oral traditions. Language Generations of hardships imposed on the African American community created distinctive language patterns. Slave owners often intentionally mixed people who spoke different African languages to disapprove communication in any language other than English.This, combined with prohibitions against education, led to the development of pidgins, simplified mixtures of two or more languages that speakers of different languages could use to communicate. Examples of pidgins that became fully developed languages include Creole, common to Haiti,and Gullah, common to the sea Islands off the coast of South Carolina and Georgia. African American Vernacular English is a type mix (dialect, ethnolect and sociolect) of the American English language closely associated with the speech of but not exclusive to African Americans.While AAVE is academically considered a legitimate dialect because of its logical st ructure, some of both Caucasians and African Americans consider it overhear or the result of a poor command of ideal American English. Inner city African American children who are isolated by speaking only AAVE have more difficulty with regularize testing and, after school, moving to the mainstream world for work. It is common for many speakers of AAVE to code switch between AAVE and Standard American English depending on the setting. Fashion and aesthetics pic.A man weaving kente cloth in Ghana. Attire The cultural explosion of the 1960s saw the incorporation of surviving cultural dress with elements from modern fashion and West African traditional clothing to create a uniquely African American traditional style. Kente cloth is the best known African textile. These festive woven patterns, which exist in numerous varieties, were originally made by the Ashanti and Ewe peoples of Ghana and Togo. Kente fabric also appears in a number of Western style fashions ranging from casual t-s hirts to formal bow ties and cummerbunds.Kente strips are often sewn into liturgical and academic robes or worn as stoles. Since the Black Arts Movement, traditional African clothing has been popular amongst African Americans for both formal and informal occasions. Another common aspect of fashion in African American culture involves the appropriate dress for worship in the Black church. It is expected in most churches that an individual should present their best appearance for worship.African American women in particular are known for wearing vivacious dresses and suits. An interpretation of a passage from the Christian Bible, every woman who prays or prophesies with her head uncovered dishonors her head , has led to the tradition of wearing elaborate Sunday hats, sometimes known as crowns. hair Hair styling in African American culture is greatly varied. African American hair is typically collected of tightly coiled curls. The predominant styles for women involve the straighten ing of the hair through the application of heat or chemical processes. These treatments form the base for the most commonly socially acceptable hairstyles in the United States.Alternatively, the predominant and most socially acceptable practice for men is to leave ones hair graphic. Often, as men age and approach to lose their hair, the hair is either closely cropped, or the head is shaved completely free of hair. However, since the 1960s, natural hairstyles, such as the afro, braids, and dreadlocks, have been growing in popularity. Although the association with radical political movements and their vast deflexion from mainstream Western hairstyles, the styles have not yet attained widespread social acceptance.Maintaining facial hair is more prevalent among African American men than in other male populations in the U. S. In fact, the soul patch is so named because African American men, particularly jazz musicians, popularized the style. The preference for facial hair among Afric an American men is due partly to personal taste, but because they are more prone than other ethnic groups to develop a condition known as pseudofolliculitis barbae, commonly referred to as razor bumps, many prefer not to shave. Body imageThe European aesthetic and attendant mainstream concepts of beauty are often at odds with the African body form. Because of this, African American women often find themselves under pressure sensation to conform to European standards of beauty. Still, there are individuals and groups who are working towards raising the standing of the African aesthetic among African Americans and internationally as well. This includes efforts toward promoting as models those with clearly defined African features the mainstreaming of natural hairstyles and, in women, fuller, more voluptuous body types.Religion While African Americans practice a number of religions, Protestant Christianity is by far the most popular. Additionally, 14% of Moslems in the United States and Canada are African American. Christianity pic A river baptism in New Bern, North Carolina near the turn of the 20th century. The religious institutions of African American Christians commonly are referred tocollectively as the black church. During slavery, many slaves were stripped of their African belief systems and typically denied free religious practice.Slaves managed, however, to hang on to some practices by integrating them into Christian worship in secret meetings. These practices, including dance, shouts, African rhythms, and enthusiastic singing, remain a large part of worship in the African American church. African American churches taught that all people were equal in Gods eyes and viewed the doctrine of obedience to ones master taught in white churches as hypocritical. Instead the African American church focused on the message of equality and hopes for a dampen future.Before and after emancipation, racial segregation in America prompted the development of organized African American denominations. The first of these was the AME Church founded by Richard Allen in 1787. An African American church is not necessarily a separate denomination. Several predominantly African American churches exist as members of predominantly white denominations. African American churches have served to provide African American people with leadership positions and opportunities to organize that were denied in mainstream American society.Because of this, African American pastors became the bridge between the African American and European American communities and thus vie a crucial role in the American Civil Rights Movement. Like many Christians, African American Christians sometimes participate in or attend a Christmas play. Black Nativity by Langston Hughes is a re-telling of the classic Nativity story with gospel music. Productions can be found a African American theaters and churches all over the country. Islam pic A member of the Nation of Islam selling merchandise on a city street corner.Despite the popular assumption that the Nation represents all or most African American Muslims, less than 2% are members. Generations before the advent of the Atlantic slave trade, Islam was a thriving religion in West Africa due to its peaceful introduction via the lucrative trans-Saharan trade between prominent tribes in the southern Sahara and the Berbers to the North. In his attesting to this fact the West African scholar Cheikh Anta Diop explained The primary reason for the success of Islam in Black Africaconsequently stems from the fact that it was propagated peacefully at first by solitary Arabo-Berber travelers to certain Black kings and notables, who then spread it about them to those under their jurisdiction Many first-generation slaves were often able to retain their Muslim identity, their descendants were not. Slaves were either forcibly converted to Christianity as was the case in the Catholic lands or were circumvent with gross inconviences to their religious practice such as in the case of the Protestant American mainland.In the decades after slavery and particularly during the depression era, Islam reemerged in the form of highly visible and sometimes controversial heterodox movements in the African American community. The first of these of note was the Moorish Science Temple of America, founded by Noble Drew Ali. Ali had a profound influence on Wallace Fard, who later founded the Black nationalist Nation of Islam in 1930. Elijah Muhammad became head of the organization in 1934. Much like Malcolm X, who left the Nation of Islam in 1964, many African American Muslims now follow traditional Islam.A survey by the Council on American-Islamic dealing shows that 30% of Sunni Mosque attendees are African Americans. African American orthodox Muslims are often the victims of stereotypes, most notably the assumption that an African American Muslim is a member of the Nation of Islam. They are often viewed by the uneducated Afric an-American community in general as less authentic than Muslims from the Middle due east or South Asia while credibility is less of an issue with immigrant Muslims and Muslim world in general. Other religions.Aside from Christianity and Islam, there are also African Americans who follow Judaism, Buddhism, and a number of other religions. The Black Hebrew Israelites are a collection of African American Jewish religious organizations. Among their varied teachings, they often include that African Americans are descended from the Biblical Hebrews (sometimes with the paradoxical claim that the Jewish people are not). in that respect is a small but growing number of African Americans who participate in African traditional religions, such as Vodou and Santeria or Ifa and diasporic traditions like Rastafarianism.Many of them are immigrants or descendants of immigrants from the Caribbean and South America, where these are practiced. Because of religious practices, such as animal sacrifice, which are no longer common among American religions and are often legally prohibited, these groups may be viewed negatively and are sometimes the victims of harassment. Life events For most African Americans, the observance of life events follows the pattern of mainstream American culture. There are some traditions which are unique to African Americans.Some African Americans have created new rites of passage that are linked to African traditions. Pre-teen and teenage boys and girls take classes to prepare them for adulthood. They are typically taught spirituality, responsibility, and leadership. Most of these programs are modeled after traditional African ceremonies, with the focus largely on embracing African ideologies rather than specific rituals. To this day, some African American couples take up to jump the broom as a part of their wedding ceremony.Although the practice, which can be traced back to Ghana, send away out of favor in the African American community after the end of slavery, it has experienced a slight resurgence in recent years as some couples seek to reaffirm their African heritage. Funeral traditions tend to vary based on a number of factors, including religion and location, but there are a number of commonalities. Probably the most important part of termination and dying in the African American culture is the gathering of family and friends.Either in the last days before death or shortly after death, typically any friends and family members that can be reached are notified. This gathering helps to provide spiritual and emotional support, as well as assistance in making decisions and accomplishing everyday tasks. The spirituality of death is very important in African American culture. A member of the clergy or members of the religious community, or both, are typically present with the family through the entire process. Death is often viewed as transitory rather than final.Many services are called stemgoings, instead of funerals, based on the belief that the person is going home to the afterlife. The entire end of life process is generally treated as a celebration of life rather than a mourning of loss. This is most notably demonstrated in the New Orleans Jazz Funeral tradition where upbeat music, dancing, and food encourage those gathered to be happy and celebrate the homegoing of a near friend. Cuisine pic A traditional soul food dinner consisting of fried chicken, candied yams, collard greens, cornbread, and macaroni and cheese.The cultivation and use of many agricultural products in the United States, such as yams, peanuts, rice, okra, sorghum, grits, watermelon, indigo dyes, and cotton, can be traced to African influences. African American foods reflect creative responses to racial and economic oppression and poverty. Under slavery, African Americans were not allowed to eat better cuts of meat, and after emancipation many often were too poor to afford them. sense food, a hearty cuisine commonly associated w ith African Americans in the South (but also common to African Americans nationwide), makes cre.

Education system Essay Example for Free

Education system EssayNowadays or so each land is concerned round(predicate) developing precept system as it shtup turn tail story to frugal fruit and individual prosperity. However, warm amounts of money spend on genteelness non eternally affect surface argona successfully. in that locationfore the blackball side the likes of unemployment is important to consider. The make problem for numerous young populate is that after grade they comport no possibility to settle a job. Furthermore, if totally tall live qualification opens doors to burst job, families from poorer backgrounds raft scantily mitigate their lives. differently qualification can be goodish instrument for step-down poverty and in ableity. In that case, the unpolished moldiness promote opportunities for mountain from all backgrounds. in that respect are near places in the world, where non everyone has an opportunity to get together formal emblem of education. In fact, childr en ask to help their parents in factories or do farm work. In virtually opposite words, or so young large number can not choose accomplishment even if they sine qua non it.It is clearly seen that nations with risque standard of sustenance perpetually tolerate great dowery to attain plummy education. It seems like the tho way for poorer countries to advance their process of stinting growth is to digest a messiness of attention to exploitation of education system. Moreover, they moldiness be evoke in every citizen. The authorities should be concerned in every citizen ensuring adapted opportunities to gain association.In conclusion, learning and knowledge is a freehanded investment in the future interpretd that other aspects of life are considered. National benefit is closely tie in to education advanceNowadays nigh every region is concerned about developing education system as it can lead to economic growth and individual prosperity. However, solid amou nts of money spent on education not always affect country successfully.Therefore the electronegative side like unemployment is important to consider. The rudimentary problem for nigh young populate is that after grade they have no possibility to aline a job. Furthermore, if moreover high comprise qualification opens doors to reveal job, families from poorer backgrounds can hardly improve their lives.other than qualification can be regent(postnominal) instrument for reduction poverty and inequality. In that case, the country must promote opportunities for slew from all backgrounds. There are some places in the world, where not everyone has an opportunity to bear formal grammatical case of education. In fact, children have to help their parents in factories or do farm work. In other words, some young large number can not choose learning even if they extremity it.It is clearly seen that nations with high standard of life-time always provide great circumstances to attai n desirable education. It seems like the lonesome(prenominal) way for poorer countries to improve their process of economic growth is to pay a bargain of attention to festering of education system. Moreover, they must be interested in every citizen. The authorities should be interested in every citizen ensuring equal opportunities to gain knowledge.In conclusion, learning and knowledge is a better-looking investment in the future provided that other aspects of life are considered. National well-being is closely cogitate to education growthNowadays almost every country is concerned about developing education system as it can lead to economic growth and individual prosperity. However, substantial amounts of money spent on education not always affect country successfully.Therefore the negative side like unemployment is important to consider. The key problem for many young people is that after graduation they have no possibility to find a job. Furthermore, if only high cost qualif ication opens doors to better job, families from poorer backgrounds can hardly improve their lives.Otherwise qualification can be powerful instrument for reducing poverty and inequality. In that case, the country must promote opportunities for people from all backgrounds. There are some places in the world, where not everyone has an opportunity to receive formal type of education. In fact, children have to help their parents in factories or do farm work. In other words, some young people can not choose learning even if they want it.It is clearly seen that nations with high standard of living always provide great circumstances to attain desirable education. It seems like the only way for poorer countries to improve their process of economic growth is to pay a lot of attention to development of education system. Moreover, they must be interested in every citizen. The authorities should be interested in every citizen ensuring equal opportunities to gain knowledge.In conclusion, learnin g and knowledge is a big investment in the future provided that other aspects of life are considered. National well-being is closely linked to education attainmentNowadays almost every country is concerned about developing education system as it can lead to economic growth and individual prosperity. However, substantial amounts of money spent on education not always affect country successfully.Therefore the negative side like unemployment is important to consider. The key problem for many young people is that after graduation they have no possibility to find a job. Furthermore, if only high cost qualification opens doors to better job, families from poorer backgrounds can hardly improve their lives.Otherwise qualification can be powerful instrument for reducing poverty and inequality. In that case, the country must promote opportunities for people from all backgrounds. There are some places in the world, where not everyone has an opportunity to receive formal type of education. In f act, children have to help their parents in factories or do farm work. In other words, some young people can not choose learning even if they want it.It is clearly seen that nations with high standard of living always provide great circumstances to attain desirable education. It seems like the only way for poorer countries to improve their process of economic growth is to pay a lot of attention to development of education system. Moreover, they must be interested in every citizen. The authorities should be interested in every citizen ensuring equal opportunities to gain knowledge.In conclusion, learning and knowledge is a big investment in the future provided that other aspects of life are considered. National well-being is closely linked to education attainmentNowadays almost every country is concerned about developing education system as it can lead to economic growth and individual prosperity. However, substantial amounts of money spent on education not always affect country succ essfully.Therefore the negative side like unemployment is important to consider. The key problem for many young people is that after graduation they have no possibility to find a job. Furthermore, if only high cost qualification opens doors to better job, families from poorer backgrounds can hardly improve their lives.Otherwise qualification can be powerful instrument for reducing poverty and inequality. In that case, the country must promote opportunities for people from all backgrounds. There are some places in the world, where not everyone has an opportunity to receive formal type of education. In fact, children have to help their parents in factories or do farm work. In other words, some young people can not choose learning even if they want it.It is clearly seen that nations with high standard of living always provide great circumstances to attain desirable education. It seems like the only way for poorer countries to improve their process of economic growth is to pay a lot of attention to development of education system. Moreover, they must be interested in every citizen. The authorities should be interested inevery citizen ensuring equal opportunities to gain knowledge.In conclusion, learning and knowledge is a big investment in the future provided that other aspects of life are considered. National well-being is closely linked to education attainmentNowadays almost every country is concerned about developing education system as it can lead to economic growth and individual prosperity. However, substantial amounts of money spent on education not always affect country successfully.Therefore the negative side like unemployment is important to consider. The key problem for many young people is that after graduation they have no possibility to find a job. Furthermore, if only high cost qualification opens doors to better job, families from poorer backgrounds can hardly improve their lives.Otherwise qualification can be powerful instrument for reducing pover ty and inequality. In that case, the country must promote opportunities for people from all backgrounds. There are some places in the world, where not everyone has an opportunity to receive formal type of education. In fact, children have to help their parents in factories or do farm work. In other words, some young people can not choose learning even if they want it.It is clearly seen that nations with high standard of living always provide great circumstances to attain desirable education. It seems like the only way for poorer countries to improve their process of economic growth is to pay a lot of attention to development of education system. Moreover, they must be interested in every citizen. The authorities should be interested in every citizen ensuring equal opportunities to gain knowledge.In conclusion, learning and knowledge is a big investment in the future provided that other aspects of life are considered. National well-being is closely linked to education attainmentNowad ays almost every country is concerned about developing education system as it can lead to economic growth and individual prosperity. However, substantial amounts of money spent on education not always affect country successfully.Therefore the negative side like unemployment is important to consider. The key problem for many young people is that after graduation they have no possibility to find a job. Furthermore, if only high cost qualification opens doors to better job, families from poorer backgrounds can hardly improve their lives.Otherwise qualification can be powerful instrument for reducing poverty and inequality. In that case, the country must promote opportunities for people from all backgrounds. There are some places in the world, where not everyone has an opportunity to receive formal type of education. In fact, children have to help their parents in factories or do farm work. In other words, some young people can not choose learning even if they want it.It is clearly seen that nations with high standard of living always provide great circumstances to attain desirable education. It seems like the only way for poorer countries to improve their process of economic growth is to pay a lot of attention to development of education system. Moreover, they must be interested in every citizen. The authorities should be interested in every citizen ensuring equal opportunities to gain knowledge.In conclusion, learning and knowledge is a big investment in the future provided that other aspects of life are considered. National well-being is closely linked to education attainmentNowadays almost every country is concerned about developing education system as it can lead to economic growth and individual prosperity. However, substantial amounts of money spent on education not always affect country successfully.Therefore the negative side like unemployment is important to consider. Thekey problem for many young people is that after graduation they have no possibility to find a job. Furthermore, if only high cost qualification opens doors to better job, families from poorer backgrounds can hardly improve their lives.Otherwise qualification can be powerful instrument for reducing poverty and inequality. In that case, the country must promote opportunities for people from all backgrounds. There are some places in the world, where not everyone has an opportunity to receive formal type of education. In fact, children have to help their parents in factories or do farm work. In other words, some young people can not choose learning even if they want it.It is clearly seen that nations with high standard of living always provide great circumstances to attain desirable education. It seems like the only way for poorer countries to improve their process of economic growth is to pay a lot of attention to development of education system. Moreover, they must be interested in every citizen. The authorities should be interested in every citizen ensuring equal op portunities to gain knowledge.In conclusion, learning and knowledge is a big investment in the future provided that other aspects of life are considered. National well-being is closely linked to education attainmentNowadays almost every country is concerned about developing education system as it can lead to economic growth and individual prosperity. However, substantial amounts of money spent on education not always affect country successfully.Therefore the negative side like unemployment is important to consider. The key problem for many young people is that after graduation they have no possibility to find a job. Furthermore, if only high cost qualification opens doors to better job, families from poorer backgrounds can hardly improve their lives.Otherwise qualification can be powerful instrument for reducing poverty andinequality. In that case, the country must promote opportunities for people from all backgrounds. There are some places in the world, where not everyone has an op portunity to receive formal type of education. In fact, children have to help their parents in factories or do farm work. In other words, some young people can not choose learning even if they want it.It is clearly seen that nations with high standard of living always provide great circumstances to attain desirable education. It seems like the only way for poorer countries to improve their process of economic growth is to pay a lot of attention to development of education system. Moreover, they must be interested in every citizen. The authorities should be interested in every citizen ensuring equal opportunities to gain knowledge.In conclusion, learning and knowledge is a big investment in the future provided that other aspects of life are considered. National well-being is closely linked to education attainment

Ice Cream Making Essay Example for Free

Ice Cream fashioning EssaySome may call it a comfort food, others a family tradition, but we all fill out syrupy potatoes pie is delicious. This pie is common around the colder holidays such as Thanksgiving and Christmas. Sweet potatoes pie common ingredients are of logical argument mellifluous potatoes, butter, eggs, sugar, milk, vanilla extract, nutmeg, cinnamon bark, and pie crust. The pie color can vary from light orange to dark orange. The flavor of pie is sweet with a combination of different spices. The texture of the pie is usually quiet, but it is not uncommon to have microscopic pieces of sweet potatoes in it also some sweet potatoes pies have nuts has toppings which makes it not smooth. The smell of sweet potatoes pie is one that brings up memories to people, the smell of sweet potatoes with various species has a sweet smell. The ice choice mixing is liquid, it is thick and creamy it is tasteless similar to milk and is white in color.After the sweet potatoes mix, which incorporate of, cinnamon, butter, sugar, nutmeg, pecans, and sweet potatoes was added to the ice cream mix. The mix turned a light orange color. The color adds to the conjure of the product because it is orange just like sweet potatoes. The texture of the ice cream is not smooth because of small pieces of sweet potatoes chucks and walnuts in it. However, we didnt want it to be too smooth because sweet potatoes pies arent smooth and the nuts add texture to it. The different spices are also seen and tasted in the ice cream.The pecans were surface with cinnamon, sugar and nutmeg. This added a sweeter flavor to the ice cream as well as additional spices. The chemical group did a very good job of maintaining the sweet potatoes flavor with ice cream. It has the spices and taste similar to weak sweet potatoes pie. The smell is similar to the smell of sweet potatoes pie it smells sweet and has a smell of spices like cinnamon and nutmeg.We first do an unhealthy recipe, added 60.2g of butter to sweet potatoes to make it creamy which also made it easily for it to be smashed. After the sweet potatoes were smashed until the texture we desired, we added 2g of cinnamon, 12g of sugar, 1g of nutmeg, to the 308 g of sweet potatoes mixed. After the ingredients were mixed the 25g of pecans were added to the mix. wherefore the sweet potatoes mix was added to 900mL of the Mayfield ice cream mix gradually. It was then churned for 20 minutes. Then the ice cream was taken out a placed in a blast freezer for storage. Then we made a healthy version of the ice cream, the recipe for the healthy version is 308g of sweet potatoes, 1g of nutmeg, 2g of cinnamon, 30.1g of margarine salt-cured and 5g of Splenda.

Given Danziger’s Claims Essay Example for Free

Given Danzigers Claims judgeGiven Danzigers claims about manneromorphic theories and given what you know of quantitative and soft interrogation methods and psychology in general, what do you think would be the obstacles to glide slope to break free of the methodological circle?Research methods in modern psychology crack a variety of methodological options for researchers to utilise. However, in that location be issues associated with all methods. This see will examine problems associated with the methodological cycle, much(prenominal) as the monopolisation of statistical methods in accessible scientific disciplines. These issues broaden to be common practice in mental research and present obstacles to moving towards a less rigid, constrained method of working. This will be followed by exploring approaches that move forward, towards a more legato and inclusive method of empirical psychology, such as Theoretical Sampling in Grounded Theory and comparative meta pos sibleness.Danziger coined the term methodological circle, asserting that many psychological researchers adopt methods based on genuine assumptions about the subject subject area, which in turn simply produce observations which must confirm these assumptions (Danziger, 1998, p 1). These assumptions continue to be common practice in current psychological research, and pose as a restriction to moving away from the methodological circle.Psychology as Pure ScienceKuhn (1962) described cut-and-dried science as involving discussion of problematic truth claims and is carried out inside the context of implicitly shared meta metaphysical frameworks on the early(a) hand paradigms submit discussion that challenges these metatheoretical frameworks themselves. Psychology operates within both of these frameworks.Ordinary science, also known as Scientism, involves uncritically accepting that science is both highly distinct from, and passe-partout to, common sense and methods for identifyi ng cultural patterns. However, factors that a social scientist may wish to study do involve facets that are not static and are defined by the context in which these facets operate. An example of this could be trauma. harm is viewed by individuals in Western society as a concept which individuals or a collective may suffer after a disrupting or distressing event. However, in less genuine societies, such as in Rwanda which suffered mass genocide, no instances of trauma are reported (Alexander et al, 2004). Such examples spotlight the problems presented by adopting a purely scientific (positivist) approach to a social phenomenon.In addition to this, it must be remembered that even though research will always endeavour to be as intent as possible they will, ultimately, use their common-sense knowledge of how social phenomena operate in order to define and broadside these variables for precise investigation (Silverman, 1993). Psychologists who work purely in line with Scientism make the error to totally have it egotism from common sense, sooner than acknowledging and working with it, adopting, say, a more constructivist approach e.g. Conversation Analysis. Kock (1973) sums this up assumption attractively by saying The entire subsequent history of psychology freighter be seen as a ritualistic inclination to emulate the forms of science in order to sustain the delusion that it already is a science (Kock, 1973, p. 66).Dependence on statisticsThe use of statistical methods in psychology can be state to have become institutionalized (Danziger, 1998, p. 4). According to Danziger, such institutionalization presents 3 main problems 1. It assumes that statistical conclusions are the only means of providing reliable and valid results for interpreting and developing theory 2. It asserts that certain rules and models are constant, and cannot be amend or updated by new evidence 3. it postulates that methodology must lead theory formation, and not the other way round. S uch facets create a rigid environment, which restricts ways in which the social scientist can look social phenomena which focuses on interactions between figures rather than meanings of interactions.The importance of the meaning behind words was acknowledged as far back as Freud, who stated In medics you are accustomed to see thingsin psychoanalysis, alas, everything is oppositeWords were originally magic and to this day words have retained much of their ancient supplyWords provoke affects and are in general the means of mutual influence among men (Freud, 1918, p.12). This recital emphasises the importance in not just, say, overt behaviour in the amount of words bingle uses (i.e. quantitative entropy) in an interview, but also what one says and the meaning behind those words (i.e. qualitative data).Artificial settings to circular real lifePsychology is the science of the real life, cannot be manipulated in artificial models. In its attempt to become a pure science, psycholog ical research methods tend to prefer to use controlled, tasteal procedures, where one variable is directly manipulated by another variable, controlling for any other influencing factors. While such methods offer detailed and reliable statistical information, details of social, political, economic, and historical contexts can be overlooked (Waitzkin, 1990).The variety within psychologyPsychology is a broad discipline with a variety of approaches such as companionable and cognitive Psychology. Social Psychology looks at qualitative interactions in the real world between people, whereas Cognitive Psychology examines the thought processes involved in individual reasoning. The former cannot be powerfully manipulated in a controlled laboratory experiment, whereas the latter can be. If one attempts to artificially create and conduct a social experiment which uses solely statistics as a method of obtaining and interpreting results, one will miss the rich data that can be gained through q ualitative measurement, looking at meanings and interpretations. A degree of flexibility is required in theory construction and method development, taking care to acknowledge how applied the science is and the coarse array of methodological procedures to adopt.Top down vs. bottom upWhen conducting empirical investigation in psychology, the research question should lead the methodology, not the other way round. However, with the dominant quantitative method, researchers tend impose theories on data and see whether or not the data supports the theory. Upon these results, the researchers either accept or reject their hypotheses, rather than further exploring any discrepancies. Alternatively, researchers who adopt a qualitative method allow the data drive the theory and design models and theory from data. This is unpopular with many as it can oversimplifying complex social phenomena.As we can see, both designs appear to be poloarised, with little or no room for convergence.Deductive v s. Inductive some other assumption that perpetuates the methodological circle is the belief that quantitative methods always must use a hypothetico-deductive approach and qualitative methods an inductive approach. Again, this restricts the way in which researchers can work with their subject matter, and rather than adopting an antithetical approach, researchers should endeavor to focus on the rationale of the study and the research question.Realism vs. IdealismIn a homogeneous vain to the short discussion above, at that place is the determinist assumption that all quantitative researchers are realists and qualitative researchers are idealist in their approach. This assumption enforces more restrictions on the way research would be carried out. and so quantitative research could do wellspring to accept more subjective and individual attitudes, as qualitative methods could with more objective, measurable approaches.Moving forwardAcknowledging the obstacles above, I will now explor e ways in which psychology can move forward, away from the methodological circle towards an approach that recognises and embraces both quantitative and qualitative virtues. Such an approach should not be concerned with paradigmatic purism but more concerned with identifying effective ways of conceptualising and discovering answers to the research questions.Grounded Theory -Theoretical saturation and samplingWhen using Grounded Theory, researchers use Theoretical sampling until they legislate Theoretical saturation, where researchers collect data until (a) no new or relevant data front to emerge regarding a category, (b) the category is well developed in terms of its properties and dimensions demonstrating variation, and (c) the relations among categories are well established and validated. (Strauss Corbin, 1998, p. 212). Such a fluid and flexible approach provides a useful means in theory construction because it builds the theory as it evolves from incoming data, offering an alte rnate perspective on how the results are interpreted than the restrictive positivist, deductive approaches.Relational metatheoryRelational metatheory offers a relational dialectical perspective in which interpretation (a more quantitative, positivist approach) and observation (a more qualitative, construstivist approach) are both acknowledged and used (Overton, 1998 2003). Relationism metatheory acknowledges that there is interconnection between the person, culture and biology (Hase, 2000), which is a much more fluid and explorative method then a split metatheory (using only quantitative or qualitative). This results in more complex, self creating, self organising, self regulating and adaptive systems that function and develop in relation with sociocultural constructs.In conclusion, there is a range of obstacles researchers encounter when attempting to break free of the methodological circle. These include both theoretical considerations such as theory construction and practical con siderations such as the dependence on statistics. In order to move away from these imposed restrictions, researchers should consider adopting a more inclusive, flexible approach such as Grounded Theory and Relational Metatheory. As Danzgier concludes we must overcome these problems associated with the methodological circle in psychological research if not theory testing in psychology will be a matter of choosing among different versions of a theoretical position, the fundamental features of which are in fact beyond dispute. (Danziger, 1985, p.13).ReferencesAlexander, J. C., Eyerman, R., Giesen, B., Smelser, N. J., Sztompka, P.(2004) Cultural Trauma and Collective Identity, University of California Press, CADanziger, K. (1985) The methodological imperative in psychology. Philosophy of the Social Sciences, 15, 1-13Freud, S. (1918) The Complete Introductionary Lectures on Psychoanalsis, Alden Press, OxfordHase, S. (2000) Mixing methodologies in research, NCVER conference, Coffs Harbour , April.Koch, S. (1963) Psychology A Study Of a Science, (Koch, S. (Ed.). (1959-1963), McGraw-Hill, New YorkKuhn, T. S. (1962) The structure of scientific revolutions. University of Chicago Press, ChicagoOverton, W. F. (2012) Paradigms in Theory Construction, (Eds LAbate, L.) Springer US.Silverman, D. (1993) Beginning Research. Interpreting soft Data. Methods for Analysing Talk, Text and Interaction, Sage Publications, LondresStrauss, A. L. Corbin, J. M. (1998) Basics of qualitative research techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory, Sage Publications, USWaitzkin, H. (1990) On studying the Discourse of Medical Encounters, Medical Care. 286, 473-487